7 th Grade History Review

1. 7th Grade History Review World History

2. Rome Grew Strong • United by: • Law • Language • Roads • Culture

3. The Fall of Rome

4. After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire • The Eastern part of the empire survived as the Byzantine Empire for a few hundred years.

5. Islam • Founded by Muhammad • Holy scripture called the Qur’an (Koran) • 5 Pillars: • Faith: “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his profit” • Prayer: Pray 5 times a day • Alms: Give to the poor and needy • Fasting: Fast during the month of Ramadan • Pilgrimage: Visit Mecca at least once if possible

6. Islam Splits in Two

7. Islamic Empires: The Umayyads • Government based on religion • 661 CE • Capital: Damascus

8. Islamic Empires: The Abbasids • Began approx. 750 CE • Capital: Baghdad • Oversaw a golden age

9. North Africa • Geography  • Three main vegetation zones: desert, savannah, rainforest • North Africa • Ghana: • gained wealth by taxing trade of salt and gold • Influenced by Islam • Mali: • started by Sundiata • Mansa Musa a famous ruler. He was Muslim, but allowed local religions. • Songhai: made powerful under Askia Muhammad. Islam spread.

10. Central & South Africa • Kongo • Traded with the Portuguese (slave trade) • Great Zimbabwe: • Center of Shona empire • Made powerful through gold trade

11. Asia • China: • Built Great Wall to protect it from northern invaders • Golden Age of China under Tang and Song dynasties • Bureaucracy based on Confucianism • Influenced all of Asia • Japan • Feudal system: daiymo and samurai. Emperor had no power • Influenced by the written language and belief systems in China

13. Meso-America

14. Medieval Europe • Medieval period began when Rome fell. • Feudal system emerged because people needed land, food, and protection. • Christianity became a major force in Europe • Started with Catholicism • Protestant Reformation, led by Martin Luther, came later. • Crusades: Wars fought between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Land

15. Plague and the Hundred Year’s War • Bubonic plague (aka: Black Death) killed many people in Europe • For a short time, wars stopped and trade declined • Often, Jews were blamed for the plague in Europe • Hundred Year’s War • Fought between France and England over control of lands and sea • Joan of Arc led the French to victory at Orleans • French drove England out of France and war ended.

16. Renaissance • Feudal system weakened  modern kingdoms emerged • Time of rebirth and creativity in art, learning, writing, and thought. • Humanism: focused on human beings and their potential for achievement. • Led by Petrarch • Stressed the importance of the individual. • Christian values • Arts: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Donatello, Michelangelo • Shakespeare • Began in Italy. • Cities grew rapidly

17. The Reformation Started by Martin Luther. He wrote the “Ninety-Five Theses,” which listed his problems with the Catholic Church.

18. Scientific Revolution • Period of questioning accepted views of the world • Development in math and sciences • Medicine • Inventions: microscope& thermometer • Scientific Method • Growth of sciences led to “scientific rationalism,” which encouraged people to think for themselves (logic) instead of relying on the church