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Verbs

Verbs. A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement . Linking Auxiliary Transitive/Intransitive Active/Passive Participle. Linking Verbs. Some verbs express a state or condition .

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Verbs

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  1. Verbs A verb is a word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement. Linking Auxiliary Transitive/Intransitive Active/Passive Participle

  2. Linking Verbs • Some verbs express a state or condition. • They link to the subject a noun, pronoun, or an adjective that describes or identifies the subject. • The word linked to the subject is called its subject complement. • Ex: Sarah was serious.

  3. Linking Verbs • The most common linking verb is the verb be. • Takes a number of forms: is, am, are, was were, being, been (and all verb phrases ending in be, being, or been). • Other common linking verbs (W421): become, look, feel, seem…

  4. Linking Verbs • Don’t be deceived. Many linking verbs can also be used as action verbs. • Ex: The singer appeared nervous. • Ex: The singer appeared on TV. • A verb is a linking verb if one can substitute some form of the verb seem. • Ex: The audience looked [seemed] happy. • Ex: Jack looked [not seemed] at his notes.

  5. Auxiliary Verbs • A verb phrase is made up of a main verb and one or more auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs). • Auxiliary verbs help the main verb to express action or make a statement. • Ex: I should have studied more. • Ex: He must have been injured during the game.

  6. Auxiliary Verbs • The auxiliary verbs may be separated from the main verb. • Ex: Did you see dad at the movies? • Ex: We have not yet been to Kairos.

  7. Transitive/Intransitive • Action verbs may (or may not) take an object: • a noun or pronoun that completes the action by showing who or what isaffected by the action. • Verbs that take objects are called transitive. • Ex: I typed my paper until midnight.

  8. Transitive/Intransitive • Verbs that express action without objects are called intransitive. • Ex: The rain fell. • Ex: I typed until midnight. • In English, most active verbs can be either transitive or intransitive.

  9. Active/Passive • A verb is in the active voice when it expresses an action performed by its subject. • Ex: The car hit a tree. [subject acting]

  10. Active/Passive • A verb is in the passive voice when it expresses an action performed upon its subject or when the subject is the result of the action. • Ex: The tree was hit by a car [subject acted upon].

  11. Active/Passive • All transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. • Ex: The thief stole the money. [transitive] • Ex: The money was stolen by the thief. [passive] • The object has been moved ahead of the subject (making it the subject) and the verb combined with a form of to be.

  12. Principal Parts • Every verb has four basic forms called principal parts: • Infinitive • Present participle • Past • Past participle

  13. Principal Parts • When conjugating verbs forms, one should know that verbs can be considered regular or irregular (See W550). • A regular verb is one that creates its past and past participle by adding –d or –ed. infinitivepresent part.pastpast part. talk (is) talking talked (have) talked

  14. Principal Parts • An irregular verb is one that forms its past and past participle in some other way than adding –d or –ed. infinitivepresent part pastpast part drive (is) driving drove (have) driven • Note: Because the number of irregular verbs is so great, students must memorize the list on W551-552).

  15. Time sequence • Each verb has six tenses: • Present • Past • Future • Present perfect • Past perfect • Future perfect

  16. Time sequence • Present – used to express action (or make a statement about something) occurring now. • Ex: We wait patiently. • Ex: We are waiting patiently. [progressive form] • We do wait patiently. [emphatic form]

  17. Time sequence • Continuing action (the action occurred, is happening, and will continue) may be shown by the use of the progressive form, which ends in –ing. • One makes a sentence emphatic by pronouncing the verb with stress. When there is no stress, add do or did.

  18. Time sequence • Past – used to express action (or to help make a statement about something) that occurred in the past but did not continue into the present. • Ex: We waited for you. • Ex: We were waiting for you. [progressive] • Ex: We did wait for you. [emphatic]

  19. Time sequence • Future – used to express action (or to help make a statement about something) occurring at some time in the future. • Formed by adding shall or will. • Ex: We will wait for you. • Ex: We will be waiting for you. [progressive] • There is no future emphatic.

  20. Time sequence • Present perfect – used to express action (or to help make a statement about something) occurring in no definite time in the past. • Formed by adding have or has. • Ex: Ted has waited for us often. • Ex: We have waited for them before.

  21. Time sequence • Past perfect – used to express action (or to help make a statement about something) completed in the past before some other past action or event. • Formed using the word had. • Ex: After we had waited (had been waiting) an hour, we left. [The waiting preceded the leaving]

  22. Time sequence • Future perfect – used to express action (or to help make a statement about something) which will be complete in the future before some other future action or event. • Formed by adding will have or shall have. • Ex: By the time the bus arrives, we will have waited (will have been waiting) an hour. [The waiting precedes the arriving]

  23. Mood • Verbs may be in one of three mood: indicative, imperative, or subjunctive. • Almost all verbs are in the indicative mood. • The imperative mood is used to indicate a command. • Ex: Turn off the television. • Ex: Underline the correct answer.

  24. Mood • The only common uses of the subjunctive mood are to express a condition contrary to fact and to express a wish. • Uses the past subjunctive verb were. • Ex: If I were (not was) you, I’d study my recitations more. [contrary to fact – “I’m not you”] • Ex: If I were (not was) a millionaire, I’d teach grammar for free. [wish]

  25. Mood • The present subjunctive mood is used only in certain formal situations. • Uses the present subjunctive verb be. • Ex: We recommend that she be elected president. • See the conjugated forms on W579.

  26. Participles/Participial Phrases • A participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjective. • Ex: The rapidly developing storm kept the small coats in the port. • Ex: I found her crying.

  27. Participles/Participial Phrases • There are two basic kinds of participles: present participle and past participle. • Present participles end in –ing. • Past participles may end in a variety of endings (see W449). • Ex: We watched the puppies playing. (present) • Ex: The puppies, exhausted, collapsed. (past)

  28. Participles/Participial Phrases • A participial phrase is a phrase containing a participle and any complements or modifiers it may have. • Ex: Removing his coat, Jack sat in the chair. • Ex: We saw Jeff playing in the game.

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