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Energy

Energy. CLIM 101 Alex Englander Ryan Glass Dylan Hallsmith Brennon Pugliese Joseph Robertson Athina Tjorvatjoglou. Introduction to the (Global) Energy Sector. Development of Energy Industry.

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Energy

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  1. Energy CLIM101 Alex Englander Ryan Glass Dylan Hallsmith Brennon Pugliese Joseph Robertson Athina Tjorvatjoglou

  2. Introduction to the (Global) Energy Sector

  3. Development of Energy Industry Source Data From: United States. Department of Energy: Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Review 2008. 29 Jun. 2009. PDF File, tables 1.2 and E.1. • 2005 world consumption of primary energy: 15 Terawatts • Disparity between consumption among more and less economically developed nations

  4. Development of Energy Industry • Figures illustrating distribution of global energy from primary sources to consumption (cont’d. on upcoming slides):

  5. Development of Energy Industry Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

  6. Development of Energy Industry Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

  7. Development of Energy Industry Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

  8. Development of Energy Industry Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

  9. Development of Energy Industry Source Data From: Houghton, J. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print, fig. 11.2.

  10. Development of Energy Industry • Future energy supply, specifically concerning coal, oil, and gas, is likely to be strained after 2050 • However, the supply of coal should last for thousands of more years • Reserves of uranium are projected to notably outlive fossil fuel reserves

  11. Virginia’s Energy Sector • Resources: • Petroleum • Natural Gas • Coal • Electricity • Renewable energy • Consumption: • Transportation • Industrial • Residential • Commercial

  12. Resources and Consumption • Minor natural gas/coal reserves, mostly found in Central Appalachian Basin • Possible underground reserves, beneath offshore waters • Potential wind power located at Atlantic Coast & Chesapeake Bay • Transportation leads in consumption

  13. Petroleum • Sole Petroleum refinery in Yorktown • Foreign crude oil delivered by barge via Chesapeake Bay, Port of Norfolk, and Colonial and Plantation pipelines from Gulf Coast • Reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol

  14. Natural Gas • Supplies 1/3 of state demand • Production of natural gas and coalbed methane • 2 coalbed methane fields among top 100 natural gas fields in U.S. • Natural gas delivered via pipelines • 4/5 of VA natural gas is shipped to Maryland and DC • 1/3 of VA households primarily use natural gas as source for heating

  15. Coal, Electricity, and Renewables • Coal production in Central Appalachian Basin • VA coal is shipped to nearly ½ of U.S. states • Coal-fired plants account for nearly ½ of VA’s electricity generation • 2 nuclear plants account for 1/3 of generation • Natural gas and petroleum account for remainder • Electricity is primary source of residential heating

  16. Virginia Power Plant Output by Fuel Type The data for Virginia’s power plants was accessed from a GIS dataset produced by the Virginia Economic Development Partnership, made available through the Virginia Information Technologies Agency’s GIS web page, GISData.Virginia.gov. Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

  17. Virginia Surface Temperature Anomaly 2030 2050 The surface temperature anomaly relative to the 1980-99 global mean was calculated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s CCSM-3 Model, using the IPCC’s B1 scenario. Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

  18. Virginia Precipitation Anomaly 2030 2050 The precipitation anomaly relative to the 1980-99 global mean was calculated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s CCSM-3 Model, using the IPCC’s B1 scenario. Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

  19. Virginia Energy Consumption 2009 2030 2050 The yearly energy consumption per county was calculated using the consumption growth rate provided by the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's (EERE) Information Center and incorporated the projected surface temperature anomalies to further estimate projected consumption, along with data from the US 2007 Census estimate. Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

  20. Virginia Anomaly Between Power Supplied and Energy Consumed 2030 2050 The yearly energy anomaly between power supplied and energy consumed by county was found using the difference between the projected energy consumption and the total output of Virginia’s power plants. Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

  21. Virginia Anomaly Between Power Supplied and Energy Consumed – Allowing for Yearly Precipitation Anomaly 2030 2050 The yearly energy anomaly between power supplied and energy consumed by county was found using the difference between the projected energy consumption and the total output of Virginia’s power plants, and incorporates the increase in hydroelectric power supply due to the projected precipitation anomaly. Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

  22. WATER(HYDROELECTRICITY) Main VARIABLES: Surface Temperature Total Precipitation Minor VARIABLES: Surface Runoff

  23. Usage in Virginia Net Generation: Hydroelectricity – 269,587 Megawatthours Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours = 6.9%

  24. Variables in-depth • Lower surface temperature may lead to lower water temperatures • As water cools this causes less flow through turbines • 90% of hydro plants use oil within the system (prevents icing/freezing) • Precipitation levels will impact production levels • Surface runoff can contribute to water levels used for production

  25. Climate Changes • Hydroelectric plants are primarily effected by shifts in temperature and precipitation. • Too little rainfall can cause water shortages, leaving the plant little to work with. • Increased temperatures can lead to an increased rate of evaporation, again lessening the amount of available water. • Decreased temperatures can cause water molecules to slow, lessening movement through turbines.

  26. COAL(Fuel Burning) Main VARIABLES: Surface Temperature Total Precipitation Minor VARIABLES: Soil Moisture Content

  27. Usage in Virginia Net Generation: Coal – 2,013,179 Megawatthours Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours = 49.6% (almost half!)

  28. Variables in-depth • Formation of coal begins with decaying materials • Peat forms lignite, which results in coal • Surface temperature, total precipitation, and soil moisture affect quality of peat • Coal forms quicker with heat and sunlight • Moisture speeds breakdown of materials

  29. Climate Changes • Coal is ½ our total energy generation • Simultaneous rise in temperature and precipitation my increase amount of available coal • Significant increases in either may cause mass evaporation or droughts • An abundance of rain can wash out peat, stopping the coal forming process

  30. NATURAL GAS & OIL Main VARIABLES: Surface Pressure Total Precipitation

  31. Usage in Virginia Net Generation: Natural Gas – 757, 974 Megawatthours Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours = 18.6% Natural Oil – 122,522 Megawatthours Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours = 3.02%

  32. Variables in-depth • Surface Pressure • It is directly proportional to the mass of air over a specific location • Surface pressure accounts for the air mass and the area of water surface • Surface pressure controls the rate of compression which determines the rate of natural gas creation • Total Precipitation • Amount of precipitation over the ocean adds minimal additions to the surface pressure

  33. Climate Changes • Increased or decreased amounts of precipitation can dramatically alter the availability of natural gas • An increase of precipitation over the ocean can generally increase the relative surface pressure • Decreased surface pressure eases compression beneath the ocean’s silt and sand, which in turn increases the time needed to covert materials into oil and gas

  34. NUCLEAR FUEL Main VARIABLES: Surface Pressure Total Precipitation • SIMILAR TO HOW NATURAL GAS AND OIL ARE MADE: • Pressure • Heat • Sedimentation

  35. Usage in Virginia Net Generation: Nuclear Fuel – 781,986 Megawatthours Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours = 19.2%

  36. Variables in-depth (in terms of Uranium) • Surface Pressure • Uranium ore originated during the creation of earth • Surface pressure determined quality/quantity of uranium ore • Some nuclear plants use thorium that can be converted into Uranium 233 • Total Precipitation • Not necessarily a huge factor in present times • Was slightly responsible for the formation of uranium during the formation of the planets

  37. Pros & Cons(of Nuclear Power) • Pros • Does not depend on fossil fuels. • Minimal CO2 emissions. • Eject less radioactivity than coal-fired power plants. • Cost not affected by fluctuating gas and oil prices. • Cons • Not a terribly clean process, radioactivity must be stored somewhere. • Nuclear waste can corrode storages, leading to potentially deadly situations.

  38. RENEWABLEENERGY & FUEL Main VARIABLES: Surface Temperature Total Precipitation Minor VARIABLES: Soil Moisture Content

  39. What is renewable energy/fuel? • Renewable fuels (solids, liquids, gases)are produced from renewable resources, and have really begun to become popular because of their sustainability and low contributions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. • Biofuels: vegetable oil, ethanol, biodiesel • Renewable Energy consists of energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat.

  40. Usage in Virginia Net Generation: Renewable Energy– 94,932 Megawatthours Total Energy (All Combined) – 4,054,688 Megawatthours = 2.34%

  41. Variables in-depth • Surface Temperature • In terms of crops that produce vegetable oil, it dictates plant growth in a given season • Temperatures can dictate wind speed for windmills • Total Precipitation • Rainfall can affect how well crops grow to produce oil for forms of renewable energy

  42. Climate Changes • Severe temperature changes can lead to droughts, which can easily destroy a farmer’s crops. • Adversely too much rain can drown out crops • Changes in sea level may overload hydropower plants, leading to instability • Less frequent wind events can cause underwhelming effects for windmills

  43. Usage in Virginia

  44. Solutions

  45. Solutions for the Near Future 2007 Virginia Energy Plan “The purpose of the Virginia Energy Plan is to chart a path forward that will provide for reliable energy supplies at reasonable rates an increase the use of conservation and efficiency measures in Virginia.”

  46. Virginia Energy Plan 2017 Goals • Increase energy independence, with an emphasis on conservation & clean fuel technologies • Expand consumer energy education • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2025 • Capitalize on economic development opportunities

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