States of Consciousness

1. States of Consciousness

2. Altered States of Consciousness Chapter Project: 1-2 page essay on any topic featured on Simoncini’s website’s psych page: http://psimonciniohs.net Due date: ______________________

3. Sleep and Dreams As an anticipatory set about sleep and dreams, let’s watch this episode of the TV show M*A*S*H (“Hawkeye’s Night- mare,” first aired December 21, 1976, directed by Burt Metcalfe) Alan Arbus Dr. Freedman Psychoanalyst Hawkeye (Alan Alda)

4. States of Consciousness What do cognitive neuroscientists consider the primary function of the brain? Brain acts like a biological computing device with vast resources 100 billion transistor-like neurons, each with thousands of interconnections

5. States of Consciousness Electroencephalographs Positron emission tomography (PET) to capture a picture of the brain as different parts being used. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study both activity and brain structures

6. States of Consciousness Shepard & Metzler experiment (1971)

7. States of Consciousness Sleep is characterized by unrespon- siveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility. As your textbook indicates, I, Sigmund Freud, identified 3 levels of consciousness. You can liken them to an iceberg. Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts) Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge) Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives; immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires)

8. States of Consciousness Edelman and Solso & Tononi Consciousness restricts our attention— keeps our brains from being overwhelmed by stimulation Consciousness provides a mental “meeting place,” where sensation can combine with memory, emotions, and motives Consciousness provides a mental model of the world that we can manipulate

9. States of Consciousness Sleep is characterized by unrespon- siveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility. These two are the divisions of the unconscious mind. Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts) Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge) Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives; immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires)

10. States of Consciousness Sleep is characterized by unrespon- siveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility. Differentiate between preconscious memories and the unconscious. Preconscious level: return to conscious more easily, when something cues their recall. Otherwise, lie just below conscious level until needed Unconscious level: cognition without awareness

11. States of Consciousness Priming Here are 4 possibilities; but I predict most of you spelled mental. You may recall that on a previous slide, I used the word “mental” twice, thereby trying to prime you for this exercise. Fill in the blanks below to make a word. M E N __ __ __ Menace Menial Mental Mentor

12. States of Consciousness Sleep: a state of altered consciousness, characterized by certain patterns of brain activity.

13. Sleep and Dreams Daydreaming: Daydreaming: a common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation.

14. Sleep and Dreams Wegner, et al, 1987: The White Bear Experiment Hey, Simoncini. Last night I had a terrible nightmare about a polar bear.

15. Sleep and Dreams Meagan, just put that thought out of your mind! Think about soccer. *#!#** Now all I do is obsess about white bears.

16. Sleep and Dreams Amount of sleep One of the vocabulary terms in your text was circadian rhythm. Who can tell me the definition? A biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a 24-25 hour time period—the rhythm of activity and inactivity. (morning people/night people)

17. Sleep and Dreams Study of sleep—aided by Electro Encephalograph (EEG) machine Two types of sleep patterns: Quiet sleep Active sleep Scientists, through extensive research, have determined various stages of sleep.

18. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Begin to fall asleep: Body temperature drops Pulse rate drops Breathing: slow and even

19. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Gradually eyes close Brain emits alpha waves associated with absence of concentrated thought and with relaxation.

20. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Body may twitch, your eyes may roll, and brief visual images flash across your mind as you enter Stage I sleep—lightest level Simoncini is so boring. . . is hot. . .ZZZZZ

21. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Stage I: Pulse slows a bit more/muscles relax; breathing—uneven; brain waves—irregular. Phase lasts about 10 minutes Brain waves shift from low- amplitude, high-frequency to high amplitude; low frequency indicating. . .

22. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Stage I:

23. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Stage II sleep Eyes roll, side-to-side indicating bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles: 12-16 Hz waves lasting 0.5-1.5 seconds

24. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Thirty minutes later, drift down to deeper level of Stage III sleep Large amplitude delta waves sweep brain each second or so.

25. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Stage III sleep

26. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Stage IV Sleep Deepest of all sleep Difficult to wake a sleeper in Stage IV Large, regular delta waves, more than 50% of time—state of oblivion

27. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Stage IV Sleep

28. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Stage IV Sleep Suddenly awakened: disoriented Talking out loud, sleep- walking, bedwetting—no trace on memory Deep sleep important to psychological well-being

29. Sleep and Dreams zzzzzzzzzz Stages of Sleep 75% of sleep—Stages I-IV After Stage IV, muscles more relaxed than ever before but . . . . . .eyes move rapidly Person has entered a more active sleep characterized by rapid eye movement (REM)

30. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep REM sleep (Active sleep) Irregular pulse and breathing Levels of adrenal & sexual hormones in blood rise . . . zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

31. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep . . . as if you were in the middle of an intensely or emotionally demanding activity

32. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep REM Sleep

33. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep REM sleep Often, a person’s face or fingers twitch and the large muscles in the arms and legs become paralyzed. Almost all dreaming occurs during REM sleep

34. Sleep and Dreams zzzzzzzzzzzzz Stages of Sleep REM sleep . . . lasts 10 minutes, after which you retrace the descent to Stage IV. Go through cycle every 90 min. Each time period of Stage IV sleep decreases, length of REM sleep increases—until awakening

35. Sleep and Dreams Stages of Sleep Each subsequent cycle, Stage 4 sleep decreases & REM sleep increases; Stage 4 in only first 2 cycles 1 Cycle (10 min.) REM Drift off Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 1 10 min. zzzzzzzz Stage 2 Stage 2 Stage 2 10 min. Stage 3 Stage 3 10 min. 20 min. Stage 4

36. Sleep and Dreams Experiment Period before slipping into Stage I sleep is called hypnagogic sleep. 1. Put pen/notebook next to bed 2. Lie down & prop elbow in comfortable position so arm dangles in air

37. Sleep and Dreams Experiment As you drift into hypnagogic sleep, your arm should fall, jarring you awake. When you wake up, quickly write down whatever images or thoughts you experienced before the arm fell. Turn-in tomorrow—10 points XC

38. Sleep and Dreams Long-term experiments • Critical Thinking #2, p. 179 • Over 1 week, log the hours you • and the members of your family • sleep each night. Then compile • them in the following ranges: • infants, 2-12, 13-20, 21-30, • 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61+

39. Sleep and Dreams What can you expect about your next sleep cycle after pulling an all-nighter? This college studying stinks! REM rebound: more REM sleep during the next sleep period after being irritable and tired the day following the all-nighter.Indicates one function of sleep is to satisfy a basic biological need for REM

40. Sleep and Dreams Siegel (2003): damaged brain cells get repaired during sleep Crick & Mitchison (1983): We dream to forget. As we go through the day we learn and experience things, and when we do, we create new neural networks; we dream to unravel those neural nets

41. Sleep and Dreams Amount of sleep Varies person-to-person, often based on age. 16-18 hrs per day Newborns: Half the time in REM sleep Teenagers: 7-8 hours or more; 20% REM

42. Sleep and Dreams Amount of sleep Senior citizens (70+ years) May need only 5 hours; 15% REM Adults: 25% REM; 75% NREM

43. Sleep and Dreams Dreams First dreams—vague thoughts left over from day’s activities Evan’s Room

44. As a way to transition from sleep to dreams, Simoncini wants to show the following film clip. Sleep and Dreams CBS 60 Minutes Episode on Sleep, March 16, 2008 Part 1 Part 2

45. Sleep and Dreams Dreams—Content The first psychologist to argue that dreams are an important part of our emotional lives: Sigmund Freud Austrian, 1856-1939

46. Sleep and Dreams Dreams—Content Freud: dreams, no matter how simple or mundane, contain clues to thought and desires the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge or express in waking hours. Dreams filled with hidden means and desires

47. Sleep and Dreams Dreams—Content Conscious level ( Perceptions & thoughts) Preconscious level (memories & stored knowledge Unconscious level (selfish needs; violent motives; immoral urges; fears, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, unacceptable desires)

48. Sleep and Dreams Brain scans: emotional seat of the brain, & the part that processes all visual inputs are wide awake; but the systematic & clear-thinking prefrontal cortex where caution and organization reside is dormant

49. Sleep and Dreams Freud’s view Two main functions: 1) to guard sleep (by disguising disruptive thoughts with symbols) 2) To serve as sources of wish fulfillment. Freud believed that dreams play their guardian role by relieving psychic tensions created during the day. They serve their wish-fulfillment function by allowing the dreamer to work harmlessly through unconscious desires. Manifest content (dream’s story line) vs. latent content (symbolic meaning of dreams) No solid scientific support re: latent dream content

50. Sleep and Dreams Dreams—Content Most dreams, reported in research, are commonplace or even dull. Dreams we remember & talk about are “more coherent, sexier, and generally more interesting than those collected in systematic research” (Webb)