Theories and Models

1. Theories and Models SNC2D

2. Theories and Models:Daily Learning Goal The student will be able to differentiate between scientific laws and scientific theories and explain the importance of theories to the development of science.

3. Inferences An inference is a conclusion based on observations. e.g., It is accepted that in the presence of starch, iodine solution turns from yellow to bluish-black Observations: Test tube 1: yellow Test tube 2: bluish-black Inferences: Test tube 1: Test tube 2:

4. Inferences An inference is a conclusion based on observations. e.g., It is accepted that in the presence of starch, iodine solution turns from yellow to bluish-black Observations: Test tube 1: yellow Test tube 2: bluish-black Inferences: Test tube 1: contained no starch Test tube 2: contained starch

5. Conclusions The Conclusion to an experiment, however, answers the question stated in the Purpose (typically, by describing the relationship between the independent and dependent variables). e.g., Purpose: How does temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction? Conclusion:

6. Conclusions The Conclusion to an experiment, however, answers the question stated in the Purpose (typically, by describing the relationship between the independent and dependent variables). e.g., Purpose: How does temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction? Conclusion: When the temperature increased, the rate of the chemical reaction also increased.

7. Verification If the conclusion verifies the prediction, it supports the hypothesis that led to that prediction. A hypothesis that is supported by multiple experiments is very likely to be true.

8. Verification If the conclusion verifies the prediction, it supports the hypothesis that led to that prediction. A hypothesis that is supported by multiple experiments is very likely to be true. But it takes only one (good) experiment to disprove a hypothesis.

9. Scientific Laws Repeated observations of the same phenomenon under a variety of conditions may lead scientists to propose a scientific law, a general description of something that always happens. Scientific laws do not attempt to explain the “why,” only the “what.”

10. Scientific Laws e.g., the Law of Conservation of Mass: in a chemical reaction, the mass of the chemicals before is always equal to the mass of the chemicals after.

11. Theories An explanation of why is called a scientific theory. e.g. Atomic Theory explains the Law of Conservation of Mass.

12. Theories Theories are developed based on the results of many experiments (they have to explain all the facts in the data base) and are often developed to replace earlier theories that had been disproven. Good theories make predictions about the results of experiments that have not yet been done – but will be done to test the theory.

13. Newton e.g., Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation described the gravitational attraction between any two objects (the Earth and an apple or the Earth and the Sun) . . . but it did not explain why this attraction existed.

14. An Anomaly Nor could it account for a discrepancy in in the orbital path of Mercury (the shifting of its orbit).

15. Einstein Einstein’s Theory of Universal Gravitation, (based on his Theory of General Relativity), could explain this discrepancy and further predicted that massive objects like the Sun could deflect light by a measurable amount.

16. The Test A expedition to West Africa to observe the 1919 solar eclipse confirmed that the light from distant stars was indeed being deflected as it passed near the Sun.

17. Science is not “just” a theory So most current scientific theories are not “just” theories: they not only explain the data base but their predictions have been repeatedly tested.

18. Models Many theories are models,descriptions of things that cannot be observed directly with the human senses. e.g., the model of the atom itself

19. Models Models are particularly susceptible to modification as new data becomes available.

20. Models To gain some understanding of the process of developing a model for something that cannot be observed directly, you will be performing the investigation, “Models and Indirect Evidence,” which will introduce the black box.