Update on the Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) Initiative

1. Update on the Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) Initiative Social and Housing Statistics Section - UNSD

2. Outline • Progress on measuring asset ownership from a gender perspective • Progress on measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective • Potential indicators • Next steps • Scope of pilot data collection • Refinement of indicators and guidelines

3. Measuring Asset Ownership from a Gender Perspective

4. Timeline of Work on Asset Ownership Bringing guidelines to UN Statistical Commission Follow-up meeting 2nd technical meeting 1st technical meeting Piloting Jan. 2013 July 2013 Dec. 2013 2014 2015 2016 Draft technical report available and first round of consultation FAO draft report on measuring land ownership Experimentation Finalising methodological guidelines

5. Who to interview? • Will interviewing head of household or most knowledgeable member yield accurate information on asset ownership, control and valuation? • Should principal woman always be interviewed? • No systematic studies on these questions • Recommendation by NSOs to test household interview settings

6. Methodological Survey Experiment on Measuring Asset Ownership from a Gender Perspective (MEXA)

7. MEXA • Collaboration between UN EDGE, World Bank Living Standard Measurement Study and Uganda Bureau of Statistics • Implemented in 2014 in Uganda • Findings to: • Inform pilot data collection in 2015 by EDGE countries • Inform final methodological guidelines

8. Treatment Arms • Most knowledgeable HH member, interviewed alone, asked about assets all HH members exclusively/jointly own • Member of principal couple randomly selected, interviewed alone, asked about assets all HH members exclusively/ jointly own • Principal couple, interviewed together, asked about assets all HH members exclusively/jointly own • Adult (18+) HH members (up to 4), each interviewed alone, asked about assets all HH members exclusively/jointly own • Adult (18+) HH members (up to 4), each interviewed alone, asked only about assets respondent exclusively/jointly owns

9. Sampling Design • 140Enumeration Areas (EAs) selected with probability proportional to size across the country • Rural/Urban EA Split: 60/40 percent • In each EA, 20 HHs selected from HH listings through systematic sampling with random start • 4 HHs randomly allocated to each of the 5 treatment arms in each EA • Initial allocation of households per treatment arm: 544 • Total HHs: 2,720

10. Analysis Plan • Inter-arm comparisons of estimated indicators with respect to arm 1 using multinomial regression analysis and tests of equality of coefficients • Analysis of the extent of discrepancies, and correlates of discrepancies, in treatment arms 4 and 5 • Analysis of field operations metadata to assess cost and time implications, per treatment arm

11. Sample Composition

12. # of Adults Interviewed in Arm 4 & 5 Households

13. Couple Dynamics in Arm 3

14. Measuring Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective

15. Progress, Measuring Entrepreneurship 1st Technical Meeting, December 2013, NY • Attended by NSOs of Georgia, Ghana, India, Mexico, Philippines, USA, as well as UNECLAC, UNECA, FAO, OECD, World Bank, regional banks and researchers • Objectives: • To take stock of existing data and research on gender and entrepreneurship • To identify EDGE’s methodological contribution to measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective

16. Main Items Discussed at Meeting • Defining entrepreneurship: • Who is an entrepreneur? • Little convergence on definitions among researchers • While there is agreement on the typical traits of ‘entrepreneurs’- willingness to take risk, innovate, problem solve- these concepts are difficult to operationalise

17. Main Items Discussed (cont’d.) • Classifications for facilitating a gender analysis of entrepreneurship: • Necessity-based and opportunity-based entrepreneurs • Formal and informal enterprises • Own account and employer enterprises • Nascent, new, and established enterprises • Type of economic activity enterprise is engaged in

18. Main Items Discussed (cont’d.) • Data sources: labour force and household surveys • Advantages • High quality and timely • Good international coverage • Limitations • No information on business other than size and sector of activity • Challenging to estimate earnings of microenterprises that do not keep formal accounting records

19. Main Items Discussed (cont’d.) • Data sources: enterprise surveys • Advantages • More suitable than population surveys to analysis of performance differences in firms owned and controlled by women and men • Limitations • Limited availability of comparable business surveys with information on owners • Very small businesses might not be covered

20. Main Items Discussed (cont’d.) • Data sources: business registers • Advantage: • Less costly to produce entrepreneurship statistics from business registers than from sample surveys • Limitations: • Limited availability of linked business and population registers • Name of owner listed in register may not be true owner • Non-registered businesses excluded

21. Implications for EDGE Initiative EDGE operational definition of entrepreneurs: Those persons who have direct control over the activities of an enterprise by owning the totality or significant share of the business. The owners of enterprises producing goods and services intended for own final use are not considered entrepreneurs. Employer entrepreneurs are those persons who employ at least one other person (OECD).

22. EDGE Conceptual Framework Motivations and aspirations Entrepreneurial participation Enterprise performance Entrepreneurial resources and constraints

23. EDGE Methodological Guidelines • Collaboration between EDGE and OECD focusing on: • Minimum set of questions to add to LFS • Detailed entrepreneurship module to append to household survey • Inclusion of set of questions on ownership and management in on-going enterprise surveys • Strategies to increase relevance of business registers and economic censuses for gender analysis

24. Key EDGE Indicators on Asset Ownership and Entrepreneurship

25. Minimum Set of Gender Indicators • Agreed to in 2013 by UN Statistical Commission • Grouped into 3 tiers: • Tier 1: data available + agreed int’l definitions • Tier 2: some data + agreed int’l definitions • Tier 3: no data + no agreed definitions • EDGE indicators • Percentage of adult population owning land, by sex • Percentage of firms owned by women, by size

26. Potential EDGE Indicators • Gender asset gap • Compare proportion of the population of adult women who own [asset] with that of men • Gender wealth gap • Compare share of [asset] value owned by women with that of men

27. Potential EDGE Indicators (cont’d.) • Economic ownership • Percentage of women who could decide either solely or jointly with spouse how to use proceeds from sale of [asset] • Rights to assets • Percentage of [asset] owners who have right to sell/bequeath [asset], by sex

28. Next Steps

29. Pilot Data Collection • Countries to collect data on asset ownership and entrepreneurship in 2015 via module appended to household survey or stand-alone survey • Fiji, Georgia, Ghana, Maldives, Mexico, Mongolia, Philippines, South Africa, Swaziland • Scope and coverage to be determined on country-by-country basis based on methodological/data gaps and policy needs • Exploring possibility of piloting enterprise survey linked to business register in Georgia in 2015

30. Pilot Data Collection (cont’d.) • Purpose of pilot data collection is to test the EDGE methodologies: • Validate concepts and measures • Refine questions • Assess interview setting • Identify tensions between questionnaires comparable across countries and questionnaires relevant to local country context

31. Next Steps: Selection of Indicators • EDGE will ask IAEG-GS Advisory Group on Emerging Issues to assist in selection of core set of EDGE indicators on asset ownership and entrepreneurship in 2015 • 2 EDGE indicators for inclusion in Minimum Set • Additional set of 15-20 EDGE indicators recommended that countries routinely collect

32. Next Steps: Refinement of Guidelines • Methodological guidelines on measuring asset ownership and entrepreneurship to be refined in 2015 based on lessons learned from pilot data collection • Guidelines to be presented to UN Statistical Commission in 2016

33. Thank you!