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Expiremental Design. Classical science experiment – test an independent variable, measure dependent variables and control other variables.
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Expiremental Design • Classical science experiment – test an independent variable, measure dependent variables and control other variables. • Independent variable is the focus. Control variables must be considered and well thought out. Dependent variable will include defense of techniques. Your presentation will center around your measurements. • Engineering Design – Assess a system, build a prototype, test and revise. • Focus in the performance of a device you built or you are modifying. Focus is your modification and the iterations you go through. Application of this is key to your presentation.
Assessment of Macro and Micro Nutrients in a Recycled Food Supplement for Canines Alexis Jones
Introduction • $4 million dollars worth of food is wasted by students every day. • The average American family wastes enough food to provide for an additional family member annually. • Shelters, as well as the American people, could utilize this discarded food as an alternative to store bought dog food. • Can I design a safe and nutritionally balanced food source for dogs, utilizing the food waste we produce as Americans?
Hypothesis • If I use recycled foods and USDA standards, then I can design and adjust a safe and nutritionally balanced food source for dogs in shelters, as well as in the individual home, because of dogs’ digestive versatility.
A Common Misconception • Many people falsely believe that dogs should not be fed table scraps or “human” food. • Dogs have a more rigorous digestive system than humans. • If their meals are correctly balanced, fresh food provides dogs with all the nutrition they need and love • More Rigorous? • Stomach acidity • Wolf Ancestry • Hinged jaw • Short digestive tract • Domestication • Amylase
Safety and Parameters • Certain parts of a human’s diet are toxic to dogs. • Avocados, chocolate, grapes, raisins, macadamia nuts, large amounts of onions and garlic, pits from fruits, certain artificial sweeteners and mushrooms. • The supplement was primarily based on estimated nutritional values and recommendations from Jerry Colley, DVM.
Prep Procedure • Train Students • Original Standards included, USDA, dog food labels, and recommendations from Jerry Colley (DVM) with self gathered nutritional data later being incorporated. • Based on standards, I originally planned my recipe to hit my targets for first protein, then fiber, carbohydrates, and lipids. Micronutrients were later included planning for Cu, Zn, Na, P, K, Mg, Mn, Cl, Fe, Se, and I • Processing: sorting, masticating, heating, and freezing. • 24 dogs were selected and split into experimental group and control with experimental receiving 25% recycled food. No digestive issues reported
Macronutrients in multiple settings • The Elementar(Dry Mass Protein Percent) • Goldfish Lipid Extract Apparatus (Dry Mass Lipid Content) • Neutral Detergent Filtration(Dry Mass Percent of Structural Fiber) • TNC Method (Percent Dry Mass Carbohydrates)
An Engineering Process • Macro-nutrient results were very close to estimations and on target with the nutritional needs of dogs. • There was an average margin of error of 4.04% for estimations compared to actual results. • Despite miniscule margin of error, slight adjustments were made prior to preceding. • These included: • Decrease carbohydrates (decrease brown rice) • Increase lipids (incorporated beef) • Increase protein (attempted liver, dogs would not consume)
Conclusion for Micronutrient Adjustments and Algorithm • Micronutrients were deficient from macronutrient-based mix • Initial adjustments increased varieties of foods. • Fe and Zn cheaply supplemented like Ca and P with eggshell • Liver not an option • The adjustments quickly became to burdensome to calculate and so an algorithm was created. • The algorithm created versatility and also specific food data were used to tweak the USDA baseline data. • Future plans would devise a self-thinking algorithm through Java programing.
Experimental Error • The USDA tables I used to estimate nutrition are built to be within 10%. • Corrected to 4% • Shelters include a diverse population of dogs. • Corrected with multiple recipes • Variability in sources of food could skew specific nutritional values. • Standard Equipment Errors
Relevance • Wasted food is an untapped recycling market. • Throwing out food has become “normal”. • Decomposing food in landfills produce greenhouse gases, such as methane. • Community is involved and spreads awareness. • Can be applied to individual households and even entire cities.
Expansion of Application • Currently a Java program is being developed for use in the individual home. • This program will be embedded into a website where customers can input dog type, ingredients available, and amount of food available, in order to provide a selection of personalized recipes. • This expansion will increase the efficiency and ease of use.
Acknowledgements • Dr. Mark T. Jones, Auburn City School Science Fair Mentor. • Ms. Susan Sladden, Soils Technician, Dept. of Agronomy & Soils, Auburn University. • Dr. Tung-shi Huang, Professor, Dept. Of Poultry Science, Auburn University. • Dr. Paul Cobine, Auburn University associate professor in Biological Sciences. • Dr. Cliff Lange, Auburn University associate professor in Civil Engineering. • Mr. Ross Reed, Karen Moore, Auburn Jr. High School principle and head nutritionist. • Andre Carlson, Auburn University student in Computer Engineering.
References • ASPCA. Foods That Are Hazardous to Dogs. Dog Nutrition. n.d. Web. 30 Dec 2014. <https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/virtual-pet-behaviorist/dog-behavior/foods-are-hazardous-dogs>. • Foster and Smith. Pet Education. n.d. Web. 30 Dec 2014. <http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=2 1659&aid=1030>. • Straus, Mary. Home-Prepared Dog Food- How to Make a Balanced Diet. The Whole Dog Journal Belvoir Media Group, n.d. Web. 30 Dec 2014. <http://www.whole-dog-journal.com/issues/15_7/features/Home-Prepared-Dog-Food-Nutritional-Information_20568-1.html>. • Bonham, Margaret. How Much Protein, The Dog Daily Studio One Networks, n.d. Web. 30 Dec 2014. <http://www.thedogdaily.com/ca/dish/diet/how_much_protein/index.html • McClements, Julian. Anaylsis of Proteins, People of UMASS. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan 2015. <http://people.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Proteins.html>. • Center, Food Safety. Nutrient Test Methods. Food and Enviromental Hygiene Department, n.d. Web. 5 Jan 2015. <http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/food_leg/files/HKAS_1 7_Part_1.pdf>. • USDA. Food Search. USDA Nutritional Equivalents Tables,n.d. Web. 15 Mar 2015. <http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods>. • Pennisi, Elizabeth. Diet Shaped Dog Domestication. Science Mag. AAAS, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 15 Mar. 2015. <http://news.sciencemag.org/plants-animals/2013/01/diet-shaped-dog-domestication>. • Annonymous 2, Your Dog's DigestiveSystem. Doggies. Doggies.com, n.d. Web. 15 Mar 2015. <http://www.doggies.com/articles/134-your-dog-s-digestive-system.html>. • McClements, Julian. Crude Fiber Method. Food Analysis. University of Massachusetts , n.d. Web. 17 Feb 2015. <http://people.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Carbohydrates.html>. • Anonymous 3, Testing Methods. The National Forage Testing Association, n.d. Web. 17 Feb 2015. <http://www.foragetesting.org/lab_procedure/sectionB/3/part3.3.htm>. • Huang, Ting-Shi. "Goldfish Lipid Extract Apparatus." Demonstration of Goldfish Lipid Extract Apparatus. Auburn University, Department of Poultry Science. Alabama, Auburn. 13 Mar 2015. Lecture.Sladden, Susan. "TNC Procedure." Demonstration of TNC Procedure. Auburn University, Dept. of Agronomy & Soils. Alabama, Auburn. 3 Mar 2015. Lecture. • Anonymous 4, Why Organ Meat Is Important For The Raw Fed Dog.Dogs NaturallyN.p., n.d. Web. 10 March 2015. <http://www.dogsnaturallymagazine.com/why-organ-meat-is-important-for-the-raw-fed-dog/>. • "Michelle Obama's School Lunches failing Miserably, Guess How Much Food Students Throw Away EVERY DAY? - Young Conservatives." Young Conservatives. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2016. • "Pet Health & Nutrition Information & Questions | Vet Approved Diagnosis And Treatment | PetMD." Pet Health & Nutrition Information & Questions | Vet Approved Diagnosis And Treatment | PetMD. Web. 18 Feb. 2016.
Project ideas • Science project for school or fair • Summer Project • Multi-year project • Laboratory work outside of school or as part of school requirements • Supervising scientist (outside assistance) is described in paper
Parts of a research report • Introduction • Include definitions • Statement of the problem • Relate to something in general knowledge • Review of Literature • Describe 2-3 studies by others which lead to your work. Not all should be in same lab!! • Use UAB library & librarians • Cite all sources in a standard format
Methods, cont’d • What did you measure and how—describe variables, techniques, calibration, controls • Describe instruments and problems you encountered and solved in doing these. Do you know how the equipment works? • Describe what worked and what did not work and if anything you did to solve problems. • Include questions you posed as possible solutions, even if you did not resolve these. • All these show understanding of scientific process and scientific thought
Make it yours!!! • The most important thing you can do, especially when you have worked in an established lab with a mentor is to describe in detail your own engagement with the summer or year’s work. • What separated your work from the larger project? • What did you learn? • What did you contribute?
Results • List actual findings • Charts and Figures; limit tables • Describe all graphs in narrative • “Just the facts, Ma’am” • Discussion • Meaning of findings—Why? So What? • Relate to previous work in the field • Did it match your expectations or did it surprise you? • Future plans—Where to from here? • Acknowledgements • References
Rules • Safeguards for human research participants • Rules for animal studies for High School students • Safe use of laboratory materials • Proper attribution (citation) of sources • Your signature agreeing to rules
AJAS Science Paper Reading & Gorgas Competitions • Science paper reading through the Alabama Junior Academy of Science and JSHS Symposium (Grades 9-12) • Gorgas Scholarship Competition (Grade 12) • National, State and Local Awards • AJAS Oral Presentations (may use PowerPoint) are 12 minutes with another 8 minutes for questions – set yourself up for questions. • Gorgas—Interdisciplinary panel of judges
Alabama Junior Academy of Science 11 Regional Paper Reading Competitions in January to early February Winners go to State: Samford University, B’ham, March 15-16, 2018
Goldfish Lipid Extract Apparatus (Dry Mass Lipid Content) • Sample was heated in petroleum ether as an organic solvent. • Digested material and petroleum ether was evaporated in a vacuum oven, leaving just lipids.
Neutral Detergent Filtration(Dry Mass Percent of Structural Fiber) • Sample was heated in detergent (1.25% H2SO4 and 1.25% NaOH), digesting everything but structural fiber. • Insoluble residue was collected by filtration through glass wool, dried and weighed.
TNC Method (Percent Dry Mass Carbohydrates) • Known samples of glucose were used to create a standard curve in order to derive the formula for titration. • Samples were mixed with reactants. (NaOH, glucoamylase enzyme solution, Shaffer-Somogyii solution, KI-Kox solution, H2SO4, Fast Break defoamer, 1% starch) • Samples were then titrated with Na2S2O3.
The Elementar(Dry Mass Protein Percent) • Dry samples were run through a combustion chamber (Elementar). • Percent nitrogen was converted to percent nitrogen using a conversion factor.
Micro Nutrient Deficiencies • Calcium • Bone development abnormalities • Iron • Low red blood count, constipation. • Potassium • Loss of appetite, cardiac arrest. • Sodium • Diarrhea • Zinc • Zinc responsive dermatosis
Micro Nutrient Excess • Calcium • Decrease zinc absorption, hip dysplasia • Iron • Interfere with absorption of phosphorus. • Potassium • As long as kidneys are functioning, does not occur. • Sodium • As long as kidneys are functioning and the dogs have access to water does not occur. • Zinc • Very rare • Copper and iron deficiencies
Resume builder • Stories about you struggling with the logic of your problem • Stories about the technology you used • What went wrong and how did you fix it? • Interactions with colleagues within your research and within your competition • Collaboration on a project. Spinoff of your project • Mentoring in your school. Pass it on.
