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Observations

Explore different observation techniques and signals used in space exploration, including passive observations, semi-passive observations, and active observations controlled by observers. Learn about natural and artificial signals, detectors, clocks, Doppler measurements, and more.

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Observations

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  1. Observations • Passive: Natural Signals • Photographs • Semi-Passive: Artificial Signals • GPS receiver • Active: Signals Controlled by Observers • Radar Echo, Laser Ranging

  2. Passive Observations • Astrographs: 2-dim. Angles • Photographic Plates, CCD Arrays, VTR • Transit, Meridian Circle: 1-dim. Angle • Interferometry: Precise 1-dim. Angle • VLBI, Optical/IR Int., X-ray • Ground-based vs Orbital platform

  3. Passive Observations (Cont.) • Detectors: Arrival Time, Energy • Photo-Multiplier Tube, Photo-Diode, CCD, Chamber • Clocks: Event Time • Eclipse, Occultation, Pulse, Light Curve, Rise/Decay Pattern • Doppler: Radial Velocity • Spectrograph, Emission/Absorption Lines

  4. Semi-Passive Observations • Doppler • Up/Down Link to Satellites/Space Vehicles • Integrated Doppler • NNSS, DORIS/PRARE • Semi-Passive VLBI • ALSEP, RISE • Time Difference • GPS, GLONASS

  5. Active Observations • Radar Bombing • Mercury, Venus, Mars, Asteroids • Range and Range Rate (R&RR) • Artificial Satellites, Space Vehicles • Radio Transponder • Laser Ranging • Satellite, Moon

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