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Reform Movements of the 19 th Century (1820-1860)

Reform Movements of the 19 th Century (1820-1860). 1. The Second Great Awakening. Why it emerged? - A reaction to the Enlightenment ’ s belief in scientific reason over faith and to overall decline in church attendance

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Reform Movements of the 19 th Century (1820-1860)

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  1. Reform Movements of the 19th Century(1820-1860)

  2. 1. The Second Great Awakening • Why it emerged? - A reaction to the Enlightenment’s belief in scientific reason over faith and to overall decline in church attendance • People turned to religion for direction with the rapid social and economic changes • Period of religious revivalism • Emotional, entertaining evangelists spread religious fervor in countryside – “Hellfire and brimstone sermons” – burned over district

  3. Important People • Charles Finney – “ Sinners” could achieve moral perfection, eternal salvation, better themselves and their nation • (20,000 people at a time) • French visitor Alexis de Tocqueville noted how a renewed interest in religious faith in the country • African Americans and women EXTREMELY active • Richard Allen – Philadelphia one of 1st AA churches in NA

  4. “The Benevolent Empire”:volunteersocieties to attack social probs1825 - 1846 Burned-over: highly prone to religious awakening

  5. Results and Effects [New Religions] Shakers, Mormons, Baptist, Methodist, Protestant Dems. Soared [Utopias] Also led to moral and social reforms Revivalism in the South? Women’s Rights Education Temperance Temperance Asylum &Penal Reform Asylum &Penal Reform Abolitionism

  6. 2.Utopian Communities

  7. Utopian Societies • Experimental Communities of Perfect, Idealistic societies • Can be religious or secular • Over 90 communities between 1800-1850 • Communalism • religious • equality • agrarian societies John Humphrey Noyes “The Oneida Community, NY 1848)

  8. The Shakers • Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing • Late 1700s, in New England area – 1st Utopian society • Life of perfection free of sin • Personal communication with god • Mother Ann (Ann Lee), the messiah • Believed in dualism of God • Known for sexual equality • Simple life, Separate but equal roles for men and women • Declined in 1860s --- virtually non-existent by 20th century

  9. The MormonsThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints • Founder, Joseph Smith • Emphasized hard work and community • Emphasis on the structure of family • Highly organized, almost militarized social structure • did not embrace doctrine of individual liberty like others • Controversy of polygamy • Brigham Young - Salt Lake City, Utah

  10. 3.Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) • People can transcend, rise above material things in life to reach higher level of intellect • Did not need organized religion to do this • Approach perfection when you acquire knowledge about God, themselves, and universe

  11. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/WritersConcord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature(1832) Resistance to Civil Disobedience(1849) Self-Reliance (1841) Walden(1854) Inspiration from God through personal unification with nature Part of Anti-slavery movement R3-1/3/4/5

  12. Transcendentalist Artists The Hudson River School

  13. In Nature’s WonderlandThomas Doughty, 1835

  14. 4.Temperance Movement 1826 - American Temperance Society“Demon Rum”! Carrie A. Nation 1890’s The Beecher Family Francis Willard (Leader of WCTU) 1879 Corrupts family, disobeys god, Poverty, family violence, Criminal activity 1830s, Americans drank average of 7 gallons of Alcohol per person per year

  15. “The Drunkard’s Progress” FROM THE FIRST GLASS TO THE GRAVE.STEP 1. A glass with a friend.STEP 2. A glass to keep the bold chat. STEP 3. A glass too much.STEP 4. Drunk and riotous.STEP 5. The ... ... ... companions. A partly mad drunkard.STEP 6. Poverty and disease.STEP 7.Forsaken by friends.STEP 8. Desperation and crime.STEP 9. Death by suicide. From the first glass to the grave, 1846 Prohibition – Maine in 1846

  16. Annual Consumption of Alcohol • Reactions by Immigrants • Attack on their culture, customs • Germans, Irish • Results, Effects • States begin to limit alcohol by • 1. strictly license taverns • 2. Adopt liquor taxes • 1846 Maine 1st state to outlaw • alcohol • - Mid 1800s, consumption • drops significantly • 1920, 18th Prohibition Am.

  17. Education Reform • Initial Purpose of schools: Religious Training • A New Secular Education: basic curriculum: • reading, writing, math • Purpose of Education reform: • Belief in the innate capacity of every person and society’s obligation to foster that • Create a literate, disciplined, respectful work force • 3. Create an education system that is more uniform throughout country • 4. Tax-supported by state • 5. Training programs for better teachers

  18. Horace Mann(1796-1859) “Father of America Public Education” 1st Secretary of Board of Ed in MA - 1837 • “great equalizer”, reduce poverty, crime, etc • . Education will improve democratic society, morals and heal social divisions • He united local school districts into 1st state taxed system • He called for raising teacher’s salaries, BUT established state teacher training programs • increased school year (6 mon.) • 1821 1st free public normal high school in Boston

  19. Effects of the Education Reform • Other states quickly followed MA • Built new schools, more diverse curriculum • created teacher’s colleges and training programs for teachers • Offered education to greater groups of children than ever before • In some areas teachers better trained than others • By Civil War, US had one of highest literacy rates – every state offered public education to white children. • Led to state funded/federal funded universal education in USA • Little Impact in South and West • In west, population was dispersed, hard to have any schools • Entire black pop barred from formal education • 1/3 of white children enrolled in schools in 1860 (vs. 72% in North)

  20. Mentally Ill and Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) Mental ill were kept “in cages, closets, cellars, chained, naked, beaten, lashed into obedience” • Deeply religious teacher, abused as a child • became interested in 1841 -horrible conditions women faced in MA institutions • spent 18 months visiting jails, institutions and reported on it • Result: Separate institutions in which people with mental illness would be treated humanely • @ 24 mental hospitals built b/w 1865-1880 R1-5/7

  21. Prison Reform • Prior to 1800s: mostly corporal, physical punishments, fines, no rehabilitation • Reformers thought lawbreakers could be reformed • Penitentiary system was created: cultivate penitence • 1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY, 1829 Eastern State Penitentiary – PA) • 1820’s – NE prison reformer Josiah Quincy –established different places for juvenile correction

  22. 7.Abolitionist Movement • Southerners called slavery a “peculiar institution” – part of their lifestyle, their economy • By early 1800s most northern states had abolished slavery, hoped to end slavery in entire country • 1816 American Colonization Societycreated (gradual, voluntary emancipation and then send freed AA to Africa, Monrovia (modern day Liberia)

  23. Abolitionist Movement Gradualists Immediatists • By 1830, it was clear that colonization was not very popular • Abolitionists began to turn to more bold campaign for complete end of slavery • David Walker’s, The Appeal, --argueably most radical of all anti-slavery documents • “slaves, revolt against your masters with violent action” • “America is our country, we have enriched it with our blood and tears”

  24. William Lloyd Garrison – New England Journalist (1801-1879) • Slavery undermined republican values. • Immediate emancipation, attacked racial prejudice • Slavery was a sin, crime contradicted both Bible and D of I • Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4

  25. Premiere issue – Jan. 1, 1831 “ I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think, speak, or write with moderation…I am in earnest – I will Not equivocate, I will not excuse, I will not retreat a single inch ---And I will Be heard. 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society is formed – 1st Nat’l anti-slavery organization R2-5

  26. Voices of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) 1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass “I have suffered under the lash without power to resist” 1847 “The North Star” – anti-slavery newspaper R2-12

  27. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) 1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth “Ain’t I a woman” R2-10

  28. Harriet Tubman(1820-1913) • Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. • $40,000 bounty on her head. • Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. • Never lost a single passenger “Moses”

  29. The Underground Railroad

  30. The Underground Railroad • “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape • “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves • “Tracks” ==== routes • “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves • “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

  31. 8.Women’s Rights • 1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it. • Garrison call for equal rights • Catherine Beecher - women’s place was in domestic sphere • “Cult of domesticity” – role is to civilize husband and family

  32. Early 19c Women • Unable to vote. • Legal status of a minor. • Single  could own her own property. • Married  no control over herproperty or her children. • Could not initiate divorce. • Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

  33. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

  34. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Lucy Stone • American Women’sSuffrage Assoc. • Powerful orator, suffered violent insults at lectures she gave • Challenged institution of marriage Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké • Combined fight for Abolition and Women’s Rights • 1st women to speak on behalf of American Anti-slavery society

  35. London- World Anti-Slavery Convention Susan B. Anthony Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Nat’l American Women’s Suffrage Assoc. - 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

  36. Seneca Falls Convention • 1st American meeting on women’s rights • 300 men and women • Signed Declaration of Sentiments • Reforms included: • Right to control property for married women • Custody of children upon divorce • Right to education and college • Right to Vote – most fiercely debated issue

  37. Suffrage Amendment • NAWSA had minimal success in first few years of lobbying • By 1901, only 4 states (all located in western area) had given women full voting rights • WWI women lent strong support to war effort – patriotism helped weaken opposition to suffrage • 1920 – the 19th Amendment was ratified

  38. Nativist Movement • Feared the growing foreign born population migrating to America • Reasons include sheer racism, fear of losing work, corruption of politics • Purpose was to slow immigration • Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, aka, “The Know Nothing Party” • Banning foreigners for holding office • More restrictive naturalization laws • Literacy tests for voting • American Party formed • Results/Effects: not really successful, but this idea continued to exist and influence America in certain decades more so than others • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 • National Origins Act 1924 • KKK organization

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