Chapter Ten Lecture Notes

1. Chapter Ten Lecture Notes Reporting The Results of Operations: The Activity and Cash Flow Statements

2. The Activity and Cash-Flow Statements • The Activity Statement • Compares an entity's cumulativerevenue and support to its expenses for any period of time - like a fiscal year. • Shows whether the organization was able to cover its costs. • Names for an Activity Statement: Income Statement, Operating Statement, Statement of Revenues and Expenses, or Profit and Loss (P&L) Statement. • The Cash Flow Statement looks at where an entity obtained its cash and where it spent cash during some time period.

3. Meals for the Homeless Activity Statement

4. The Activity or Operating Statement Revenues and Support • Revenues and Support: - represent inflows that the organization has received or is entitled to receive. - result in an inflow of Assets to the organization and an increase in Net Assets. • Revenues are generally the result of an exchange for goods and services that the organization has provided. • Support is the result of gifts, grants, and other contributions to the organization.

5. Expenses and Net Income • Expenses: - represent the recognition of the use of an asset to generate revenue and support or otherwise carry on the operations of the entity. - result in an outflow of assets and a decrease in Net Assets. • Net Income is the difference between revenues/support and expenses. - Profits are an excess of revenues over expenses. Also called a surplus or increase in net assets. - Losses are an excess of expenses over revenues. Also called a deficit or decrease in net assets.

6. Recognizing Revenue and Support • Revenue is recognized if: - the goods or services have been provided to the customer, - the amount to be collected can be objectively measured, and - there is a reasonable likelihood of collection. • Support is recognized if: - all of the conditions of the gift have been met, - the value of the pledge can be objectively measured, and - there is a reasonable likelihood of collection.

7. Recognizing Expenses • Expense Recognition depends on the type of expense: - Product costs are those directly connected to providing goods and services. They are recognized: • The Matching principlesays that expenses should • be recorded in the same period as the revenue they • were used to generate. - Period Costs, like rent, are those related to the passage of time. They are recognized: • in the time period in which they are incurred.

8. Expired and Unexpired Costs • Suppose Meals bought 100 large cans of green beans at a cost of $1,000 in March. - At acquisition, Meals would recognize the beans as an asset (Inventory). They are also an unexpired cost. - If they paid for the beans in cash, Cash would go down by $1,000. Otherwise Accounts Payable increases $1,000. • In May, Meals used 50 of the cans of beans to produce meals. - At use, the beans become an expense (expired cost) of $500 (50 cans * $10 per can = $500), and the value of the asset (Inventory) is reduced by $500. • This is a Product Cost. The inventory becomes an expense when used to provide service.

9. Uncollectible Accounts Assume that Meals begins the year with $125,000 in Pledges Receivable, and $15,000 in the Allowance for Uncollectible Pledges contra account. During the year $50,000 of new contributions are received in cash and also $50,000 of new pledges are made, but cash is not received. Experience shows that 10% of pledges are never collected. During the following year it is decided that specific pledges totaling $3,000 will never be collected.

10. Uncollectible Accounts, continued

11. Inventory expenses represent the cost of using supplies to create goods or services. Inventory expense and the ending inventory value are calculated using the following relationship: Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Consumption = Ending 5 + 10 - ??? = 2 • Tracking inventory use • Perpetual inventory • Periodic inventory • LIFO and FIFO inventory flow assumptions • Does the choice of FIFO or LIFO impact inventory expenses and ending inventory value? Why? • Why would a not-for-profit organization want to use LIFO? Inventory Expense

12. FIFO and LIFO Examples Suppose that the Big City public health clinic started the year with 2,000 vials of methadone for its drug rehab clinic. They cost $10 each. During the year the clinic bought 3,000 more vials for $15 each. If they had 1,000 left at the end of the year, what was their inventory expense and how much was the remaining inventory worth? 2,000 vials + 3,000 vials - ??? vials = 1,000 vials

13. Deferred Revenue • Deferred or unearned revenues arise when an organization is paid in advance for goods or services. • Deferred usually is long term, and unearned usually is short term. • Why is deferred revenue a liability? • A museum sells a five-year membership for $250. • How much of the $250 should be recorded as deferred revenue? • How much of the $250 would the museum recognize as • revenue during the first year of the membership?

14. Where the Income Statement and Balance Sheet Meet B/S stands for the Balance Sheet, and A/S stands for Activity Statement.

15. Reflecting the Change in Net Assets on the Balance Sheet • Net income is reported as a change in net assets on the balance sheet. Activity Statement Balance Sheet

16. The Cash Flow Statement • The Statement of Cash Flows focuses on the sources and uses of cash for the organization. It divides those cash flows into: - Cash flows from Operations, - Cash flows from Investing, and - Cash flows from Financing. • Why does an organization need both an operating statement and a cash flow statement? • Why is it important to know the sources and uses of cash flow? Isn't knowing if cash increased or decreased enough?

17. The first estimate of cash flow from operations is the change in net assets. • Example: • Meals for the Homeless • Activity Statement • For Year Ending 12/31/11 Revenues and Support Meals     Client revenue $ 10,000     City revenue 20,000   Shelter Counseling     Client revenue 1,000     County revenue 10,000   Fund-Raising     Foundation grants 70,000     Annual ball 12,000     Telephone solicitation 25,000     Mail solicitation 48,000 Total Revenues and Support $196,000 Expenses   Food $ 17,000   Kitchen staff 35,000   Counseling staff 35,000   Rent on kitchen locations 15,000   Administration and general 75,000   Bad debts 4,000   Depreciation 10,000 Total Expenses $191,000 Increase/(Decrease) in Net Assets $  5,000

18. Adjusting the Increase in Net Assets to Cash Flow The Increase in Net Assets is a first approximation of Cash Flow from Operations. Now, make adjustments for: 1. "Expenses not requiring cash“: Depreciation or amortization. 2. Changes in balance sheet accounts related to operations.

19. The Statement of Cash Flows

20. The Statement of Cash Flows, continued

21. Meals for the HomelessStatement of Financial PositionAs of December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010 Assets 20112010 Liabilities & Net Assets 20112010 Current Assets   Cash $  1,000 $  4,000 Liabilities   Marketable securities 3,000 3,000 Current Liabilities   Accounts receivable,    Wages payable $   2,000 $    3,000     net of estimated     Accounts payable 3,000 3,000     uncollectibles of Notes payable 5,000 5,000     $8,000and $7,000 55,000 38,000   Current portion of   Inventory (LIFO) 2,000 4,000  mortgage payable 4,000 5,000   Prepaid expenses 1,000 0  Total Current Liabilities $ 14,000$  16,000   Total Current Assets $ 62,000$ 49,000 Long-Term Assets   Long-Term Liabilities   Fixed assets    Mortgage payable $  12,000$ 16,000     Property $ 40,000 $ 40,000 Total Long-Term Liabilities $  12,000$ 16,000     Equipment, net 35,000 45,000   Total Liabilities $  26,000$ 32,000 Investments 8,00012,000 Total Long-Term Assets $ 83,000$ 97,000Net Assets $119,000$114,000 Total Assets $145,000$146,000Liabilities and Net Assets $145,000$146,000

22. The Cash Flow Statement • Cash flows relating to investment and financing activities are listed separately. - Why? • Are these adjustments shown in the Activity Statement too? • Indirect vs. Direct Method for Statement of Cash Flows

23. Depreciation expense represents the current period’s share of the cost of using a capital asset over its life. - Depreciation expense illustrates the matching principal. • Depreciation expenses may be calculated either on • a straight-line or an accelerated basis. Why would you use accelerated depreciation? Depreciation Expense Straight-Line Depreciation Example Cost of a van $32,000 Less: Salvage (Residual) Value 2,000 Depreciable Amount $30,000  Useful life 5 years Depreciation Expense per year $ 6,000

24. A Mixed Balance Sheet and Operating Statement Transaction • HOS paid $48,000 in wages to its employees; $30,000 represented money owed to employees for work last year and $18,000 is for work performed this year.Assets = Liabilities + Revenues - Expenses Cash Wages Labor Payable Expense- $48,000 = - $30,000 + No Change - $18,000

25. Operating Statement Transactions • HOS provided services and billed patients $81,000. It also consumed $4,000 worth of inventory in delivering those services. There are two transactions here. Net AssetsTransaction 1Assets = Liabilities + Revenues - Expenses A/R Revenue + $81,000 = no change + $81,000 - no changeTransaction 2Assets = Liabilities + Revenues - Expenses Inventory Supply Expense - $4,000 = no change + no change - $4,000

26. A Noncash Example • HOS owed its staff $27,000 for wages for the last two weeks of 2011 which were not due for payment until the first week in 2012.Assets = Liabilities + Revenues - Expenses Wages Payable Labor Expenseno change = + $27,000 + no change - $27,000