The History of Englisc

1. The History of Englisc (That would be English in 2011)

2. Indo European Languages

3. Influences on English

4. Old English ~ CE 450-1066 Celtic Influences – cradle, griddle, glen and whisky Latin influences (Roman) (part 1) - occupied Britannia for 350 years - Latin also in languages of Angles, Saxons, Jutes Angles, Saxons, Jutes - invaded Britannia starting around CE 450 - from what is now The Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark

5. Anglo-Saxon -> Englisc (Old English) • CE 597 Christianity arrives - Latin (part 2) - Priests also wrote in Anglo-Saxon • CE 700 language called Englisc • CE 827 King Egbert renamed Britannia – Engla-land • Englisc words that have survived bedd, eorth, moder, nama, healp, mann, and waeter

6. Beowulf Da com of more under mist-hleopum Grendel gongan godes yrre baer Mynte se man-scao manna cynnes Sumne besywan in sel pam hean.

7. Beowulf Da com of more under mist-hleopum Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty hills Grendel gongan godes yrre baer Grendel came bearing the hatred of the gods Mynte se man-scao manna cynnes Hoping to kill any human being Sumne besywan in sel pam hean. She could trap in the high hall.

8. The Norman Invasion

9. Middle English – CE 1066-1485 CE 1066 – Norman Conquest William the Conquerer Battle of Hastings CE 1066 – 1366 French - Official Language government, art, society Englisc – peasant language

10. Middle English – CE 1066-1485 French words flood the English Language e.g. parliament, armour, prisoner, chivalry, tournament, penance Englisc still used by peasants Englisc French (polite) pig pork (porc) cow beef (boeuf)

11. Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales1380 Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote And bathed every veyne in swich licour Of which vertu engendred is the flour

12. Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales1380 Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote When in April the sweet showers fall The droghte of March hath perced to the roote And pierce the drought of March to the root, and all And bathed every veyne in swich licour The veins are bathed in liquor of such power Of which vertu engendred is the flour As brings about the engendering of the flower

13. Oxford University Oldest English Language University in the World – dates from the 11th Century CE

14. Technology Changes EnglishThe Printing Press 1456 – Johannes Gutenberg (Germany)- moveable type 1474 – William Caxton (England) English becomes more fixed and less phonetic Printed books become dramatically cheaper- more readers

15. The Great Vowel Shift ~ 1400-1600 The pronunciation of vowels shifted Before the Shift i pronounced “ee” “bit” pronounced “beet” e pronounced “ey” “meet” pronounced “meyeyt” ea pronounced “ay” “meat” pronounced “mayt” u pronounced as “u” in put

16. The Renaissance • New interest in Latin and Greek Sciences • Translation into English • No English words existed to adequately express some ideas – Latin and Greek words added to English at a frantic pace • About 65% of words in modern English dictionaries are of Latin or Greek origin.

17. Latin & Greek Influences Latin or Greek English Words struere, to build upstructure, constructionreconstruct, constructive credere, to believe discredit, creditor, incredible, credulous monere, to warn admonish, premonition, monitor monos, one monogamy, monotheism,monologue, monopoly poly, many polyglot, polygon, polytheism

18. Modern English 1600 - Shakespeare Major dramatist, poet Used 20,138 different words in his writing 1,700 had never been used before He invented about 8.5% of his vocabulary

19. Shakespeare’s Words aerial, bedroom, frugal, generous, lapse, critic, amazement, gloomy, bump, amazement, assassination, dislocate, laughable, hurry, sneak, exposure, baseless, courtship, impartial, majestic, useless, pious

20. Dr. Johnson’s Dictionary - 1775 Defined 43,000 words Supported them with more than 114,000 e.g. Dedication. A servile address to a patron Gambler. (a cant word, I suppose, for game, or gamester) a knave whose practice it is to invite the unwary to game and cheat them.

21. Exploration ~ Colonialism1400 - 1900

22. The Sun Never Sets ~ In the late 1800s, the British Empire, controlled one quarter of the world and was present on every continent. English -> foreign languages Foreign languages -> English

23. ~ on the British Empire Adopted Words India bandanna, bungalow, calico,cashmere, cot, curry, polopajama Asia gingham, indigo, mango, typhoon Africa banana, boorish, gorilla, gumbo, zebra, okra Canada moccasin, raccoon, squash, toboggan, kayak, parka, wigwam

24. Canadian, eh! BritishCanadian lift elevator pram stroller chemist drugstore dust bin garbage can queue up line up macintosh raincoat sweets candies crisps potato chips chips fries

25. Today’s Technology Alexander Graham Bell Electromagnetic Telephone - 1876

26. Today’s Technology Reginald A. Fessenden

27. Today’s Technology Reginald A. Fessenden Invented AM Radio in 1906

28. Today’s Technology

29. Today’s Technology The First Television

30. Today’s Technology Apple II – 1977 – First practical microcomputer available to public

31. Today’s Technology Printers – make self publishing possible

32. Today’s Technology Computer Language Toolbar attachment modem Menu internet download e-mail login virus Browser web Mouse Web site hotlinks pop-ups Bookmark scroll bar search engine - words that mean something else in another context

33. Today’s Technology The Cellphone First Cellphone CallApril 3, 1973 First Commercial CellphoneMotorola – 1983Weight - 831g, (28 Amer. Oz.) Cost - $3,500 US

34. Today’s Technology Text Internet Photographs Videos Scheduling Voice Potential bankruptcy Smart Phones

35. Today’s Technology A New Language? omg! tmi!1 1 – a student’s reaction to this presentation