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Modals in present .

Definitely: Possibly: Definitely not:. She must know him. They must be there. It might rain. She could come. She can‘t be there. He couldn‘t do that. Modals in present. In order to express a certain level of certainty in the past we use the following structure:. SUBJECT +

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Modals in present .

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  1. Definitely: Possibly: Definitely not: She must know him. They must be there. It might rain. She could come. She can‘t be there. He couldn‘t do that. Modalsin present.

  2. In order to express a certain level of certainty in the past we use the following structure: • SUBJECT • + • must / can‘t / could / might /needn‘t / should • shouldn‘t … • + • have • + • past participle / • be + verb + ing Past Modals

  3. Certainty in the past Itmeans: I am sure they were in love. They have definitely met somewhere. It is obvious that the thieves went through this window. It is clear that she was waiting for a long time. Undoubtedly, he was drinking and driving. • They must have been in love. • They must have met before. • The thieves must have gone through this window. • She must have been waiting for a long time. • He must have been drinking and driving. Certainty in the past …

  4. Uncertainty in the Past. Could / might / may / would It looks as if it rained here not long ago. It might have rained. Perhaps I left my umbrella on the train. I may have left my umbrella on the train. It is possible that they got married in secret. They could have married in secret. Perhaps he called while were out. He could have called while we were out.

  5. Negative certainty in the past. I am sure you did not work hard for your exams.You can‘t have worked hard.I am sure he has not bought another new car.He can‘ have bought another new car.I am sure I haven‘t won the lottery. I can‘ have won the lottery.

  6. Should / ought to • Shouldn‘t / oughtn‘t to You shouldn‘t have been in the bathroom for so long. You should have paid all your bills in due time. She shouldn‘t have trusted all his stories. He shouldn‘t have been drinking and driving. Criticism or negative comments.

  7. Need not + have + past participle: • … you did something which was useless or unnecessary, you wasted your time and energy … • You needn‘t have paid for the tickets, the admission was free. • They needn‘t have gone there, they could phone or text instead. • He needn‘t have bought such a large house. They would have been happy in a much smaller one. Unnecessary actions in the past

  8. WORKSHEET: • Express positive certainty in the past: must + have + past participle • He is sitting on the steps in the rain. He …………………………….. (lock) himself out. • She is desperately looking into her handbag. She …………………….. (lose) her keys. • They are all in plaster. They ………………………………… (have) an accident. • She looks relaxed. She …………………….. (relax) on a holiday. • He is terribly tired. He …………………………. (be) on a long trip. • They are happy. They …………………………. (give) good marks. (use the passive) • Express negative certainty in the past: can’t + have + past participle • They saw each other for the first time. They …………………… (meet) before. • The butter was homemade. She …………………………. (buy) it in a supermarket. • They were cut off the electricity. They ………………… (pay) for their electricity bill. • The turkey is underdone. They ……………………… (roast) it for a long time. • He was astonished with its design. He …………………… (see) it before.

  9. WORKSHEET: • Express possibility in the past: might/could + have + past participle • The money has disappeared. Who ………………………… (take) it? • There was only Tommy in! He …………………………. (steal) the money. • They were warned. Their friends ……………………… (send) them a message. • She knew a lot about the situation. Hersister ………………… (tell) her everything. • He did not look hungry. He …………………………. (have) a meal on his way home. • Express criticism of a past action: should / shouldn’t / ought to / oughtn’t to + have + past participle / be + ing • You …………….…………… (buy) another car, we already have three. • She ………………..………… (tell) him everything about her relationships. • They …………………………. (spend) too much time talking and doing nothing. • I ………………………….……… (do) all my homework in time. • She……………..……………… (trust) him. He turned out to be a liar. • Kids …………………………… (obey) their parents. They wouldn’t have had so many troubles.

  10. WORKSHEET: • Express your opinion that the action was unnecessary: • You ………………………… (give) them your money, they will only waste it. • You …………………………. (write) such a long essay, 150 words were enough. • She …………………………. (sell) her car.Itwas OK. • I ………………………… (eat) before the party, there was a nice banquet. • They ………………….. (change) the tires, they were almost brand new.

  11. WORKSHEET: • Possiblesolution: • He is sitting on the steps in the rain. He must have locked himself out. • She is desperately looking into her handbag. She must have lost her keys. • They are all in plaster. They must have had an accident. • She looks relaxed. She must have relaxed on a holiday. • He is terribly tired. He must have been on a long trip. • They are happy. They must have been given good marks. (use the passive) • They saw each other for the first time. They can’t have met before. • The butter was homemade. She can’t have bought it in a supermarket. • They were cut off the electricity. They can’t have paid for their electricity bill. • The turkey is underdone. They can’t have roasted it for a long time. • He was astonished with its design. He can’t have seen it before. • The money has disappeared. Who could have taken it? • There was only Tommy in! He could/might have stolen the money. • They were warned. Their friends could/might sent them a message. • She knew a lot about the situation. Her sister could / might have told her everything. • He did not look hungry. He could / might have had a meal on his way home.

  12. WORKSHEET: • Possiblesolution: • You shouldn’t have bought another car, we already have three. • She shouldn’t have told him everything about her relationships. • They shouldn’t have spent too much time talking and doing nothing. • I should have done all my homework in time. • She shouldn’t have trusted him. He turned out to be a liar. • Kids should have obeyed their parents. They wouldn’t have had so many troubles. • You needn’t have given them your money, they will only waste it. • You needn’t have written such a long essay, 150 words were enough. • She needn’t have sold her car. It was OK. • I needn’t have eaten before the party, there was a nice banquet. • They needn’t have changed the tires, they were almost brand new.

  13. REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF MATERIAL: • References: • MURPHY, Raymond. English grammar in use. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, ISBN 05215377622. • THOMSON, A.J.; MARTINET, A.V.. A Practical English grammar - fourth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0 – 19- 431348 – 4. • PROCTER, Paul E. a kol. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. England: Longman Group UK Limited, 1992, ISBN 0582842239. • SPENCER, David. Gateway B1+. England: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2011, ISBN 978-0-230-41763-2. • SOARS, Liz; SOARS, John. New Headway Intermediate Workbook - the third edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-438754-5. • SOARS, Liz; SOARS, John. New Headway Intermediate Workbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0-19-470225-1.

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