1 / 37

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Explore the intricacies of the respiratory system, from the lungs to gas exchange in the alveoli. Learn about the conducting and respiratory portions, defense mechanisms, and the vital role of each component in breathing.

tiac
Download Presentation

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM dr. SOENANTO ROEWIJOKO, MS, SpA

  2. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LUNGS SYSTEM OF TUBE • VENTILATION MECHANISM • Thoracic cage • Intercostal muscle • Diaphragm • Elastic & collagen (of the lungs)

  3. Tonsil NASOFARING PLICA VOCALIS CONUS ELASTICUS

  4. 2 PRINCIPLES REGION A CONDUCTING PORTION A RESPIRATORY PORTION

  5. Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Gas exchange: - Resp. bronchioles - Alveoli ducts - Alveoli

  6. 2 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE CONDUCTING PORTION • To provide a conduit through which air can travel to and from lungs • To condition the inspired air • Cleansed • Moistened and warmed  by: • Respiratory ephitelium • Mucous and serous glands • A rich vascular network

  7. RESPIRATORY EPHITELIUMCiliated pseudostratified Columnar ephiteliumwithGoblet cells 5 Cells (with EM): • Ciliated columnar cells • Mucous goblet cells • Columnar brush cells • Basal cells • Small granule cells

  8. NASAL CAVITY VESTIBULE NASAL FOSSAE • Nares (nostril) • Vibrissae • Sebaceous & sweat glands • Nasal septum • Conchae: • - sup, mid, inf. • Venous plexuses • (of Kiesselbach)

  9. OLFACTORY EPHITELIUM ORGANIZATION Modified pseudostratified columnar epith. • Bipolar neurons cells • Sustentacular cells • Basal cells

  10. MUCOUS SECRETION

  11. OLFACTORY EPHITELIUM ORGANIZATION Mechanism of smell Odor molecules stimulate receptors  Transduction process  Toward the central nervous system

  12. Acute Chronic PARANASAL SINUSES • Frontal • Maxillary • Ethmoid • Sphenoid • Thinner resp. epithelium • Few goblet cells • Few small glands • Thinner lamina propia  periost • Sinusitis : Inflammatory process of the sinus

  13. PHARYNX • Nasopharynx • Respiratory type epithelium • Oropharynx • Squamous type epithelium

  14. LARYNX Laryngeal cartilages • Hyaline cartilages: • Thyroid • Cricoid • Arytenoid • Elastic cartilages: • Epiglottis • Cuneiform, corniculate

  15. Epiglottis • Lingual surface • Stratified squamous epith. • Laryngeal surface • Respiratory epith. • Mixed mucous and serous glands

  16. EPIGLOTTIS

  17. 2 Pairs of Mucous Folds • The upper pair: • False vocal cords: (vestibular folds) • The lower pair: • True vocal cords: • Vocal ligament (elastic fiber) • Stratified squoamous epith.

  18. TRACHEA • Respiratory epith. • C-shape rings of hyaline cartilage(pars. cartilaginea) • Pars membranacea: • Fibroelastic ligament • Smooth muscle • Mixed mucous-serous glands

  19. Bronchial tree • Bronchi extra pulmonal • Bronchi intra pulmonal • Bronchioli (terminal bronchioles)

  20. Bronchi • Folded appearance of the bronchial mucous (observed in histologic section) • Respiratory epith. • Mucous and serous gland • Spirally arranged smooth muscle • Rings / isolated plate of hyaline cartilage

  21. Bronchiole • Diameter of 5 mm/less • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar  ciliated simply columnar / cuboidal epith. • Smooth muscle + elastic fiber in the lamina propria • Have neither cartilage nor glands in their mucous layer

  22. BronchialeAsthma • The musculatur (both the bronchi and the bronchioles)  is under the control of the vagus nerve and the sympathetic N.S. Stimulation of • The vagus  contraction • The parasympathetic  relaxation

  23. Asthma Attacks • Dispnoe (increased airway resistance) • Wheezing sounds • Decreases the diameter of the lumen • Hypersecretion of the mucous / serous glands + goblet cells

  24. Respiratory Bronchioles • Respiratory portion • Their walls  numerous saccular alveoli • Ciliated cuboidal epith. • Smooth muscle + elastic C.T.

  25. Alveolar Ducts • Squamous alveolar cells • Smooth muscle cells • Matrix of elastic and collagen Atria Alveolar sac.

  26. ALVEOLI • Terminal portions of the bronchial tree • Inter alveolar septum: • Capillaries • Fibroblast • Elastic and collagen fibers • Macrophages • Blood: • Air barrier • Cytoplasm of the alveolar cells • Fused basal laminae • Cytoplasm of the endothelial (continuos type)

  27. 2 TYPE OF ALVEOLAR CELLS Type I cells (squamous alveolar/ Pneumocyte type I) Type II cells (Septal cells/ Pneumocyte type II) •  • Thin/squamous • Permeable to gases •  • Cuboidal • Vesicular cytoplasm • Secretory cells • Pulmonary surfactant (to lower alveolar surface tension)

  28. ALVEOLAR PORES • 10-15 m in diameter • Connecting neighboring alveoli • Equalize pressure in the alveoli • Enable the collateral circulation

  29. PLEURA • Serous membrane covering the lung • Parietal and visceral layer • Mesothelial cells • Connective tissue (collagen + elastic) • Pleural cavity + lubricant • Pleuricy • Pneumothorax • Pleural effusion / haemothorax

  30. DEFENSE MECHANISM • Vibrissae (screen) • Mucous-coated ciliated epith. (traped) • Cough reflex (expectoration) • Alveolar macrophages • Lymphoid tissues

More Related