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Imperialism

An introduction to the Scramble for Africa during the mid-1800s, exploring the motives and impact of European imperialism on the continent. This article discusses colonization, economic motivations, technological advances, religious and political justifications, resistance movements, and the lasting legacy of imperialism in Africa.

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Imperialism

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  1. Imperialism

  2. To Civilize 10 Minutes Introduction to Scramble For Africa

  3. The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA • Mid-1800s • Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa

  4. Africa (1880)

  5. ExplorationDr. Livingstone, I Presume?” • David Livingstone • Doctor/Missionary • Open the interior ofAfrica for commerce & Christianity David Livingstone

  6. The Scramble for Africa # 1. Colonization of Africa by Europeans 1880-1914 #3 Great Britain, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Belgium King Leopold II of Belgium

  7. Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.

  8. Economic Motives #1 Industrialized nations sought: • Raw materials • Natural resources • A cheap labor supply • New marketplaces for manufactured goods • Control means of production

  9. The Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century • Britain’s advantages • The spread of industrialization

  10. Technological Advances • The steam engine • Better transportation • Increased exploration • Improvements in communication The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns) on the Zambezi river in Africa One of the first steam engines

  11. Cecil Rhodes #9 • British imperialist who made huge profits from Africa’s natural resources • Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa

  12. “The Rhodes Colossus” This cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions to control the entire African continent.

  13. Motives #1 • Religious: tospread the benefits of Christianity and Western Culture • Political: competition fuel by Nationalism, Empire Building

  14. Christianity Civilization Describe 3 examples of European ethnocentrism in the political cartoon.

  15. Imperialism Quote • “If you woke up one morning and found that somebody had come to your house, and had declared that the house belonged to him, you would naturally be surprised, and you would like to know by what arrangement.” • Jomo Kenyatta – 1st President of Kenya • How does this quote show an African reaction to European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples

  16. Imperialism Quote • Desmond Tutu … “when the missionaries came to Africa, they had the Bible and we had the land. They said ‘let us close our eyes and pray’. When we opened them, we had the Bible, and they had the land”. • How does this quote show an African reaction to European Imperialism in Africa? Use 3 examples

  17. The Maxim Gun #4 British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897

  18. The Berlin Conference1884 #5 Rules to divide Africa among European powers to avoid conflict among European powers= Artificial Borders Moral Justification #6: To civilize – “Like Me”

  19. European Control of Africa • By 1914, only two African nations remained independent • Liberia and Ethiopia #2 • England and France controlled most of Africa #7

  20. Direct vs. Indirect Rule #8 European nations chose one of two different paths when it came to colonial rule: Indirect rule: colonies were ruled through existing traditional rulers Example: Nigeria Direct rule: the colony was directly administered by the colonizer Example: Senegal Result: loss of power and influence By Traditional rulers

  21. Cash Crop/Money Economy #10 • Africans sold labor to make money to pay taxes • Problems • Created dependence on Colonial rulers

  22. #11 Purpose of the Railroads was to extract wealth

  23. #12 Aim of Colonial Rulers • To benefit Colonial economies accomplished by cash crop system and forced labor • King Leopold II of Belgium • Cecil Rhodes

  24. #13 African Resistance and failure • Many Africans resisted European rule • Millions of Africans died • Europeans = superior military technology • North Africa: Algerians fought French • West Africa: Ibo and Fulani fought British • Congo Free State: 20 years of fighting • Ethiopia exception: European training preserved independence

  25. African Resistance #13 • Africans Confront Imperialism • Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons • Unsuccessful Movements • Algeria fights the French for 50 years • German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths • Successful Movements • Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II • Plays Europeans against each other • Stockpiles modern weapons • Defeats Italy and remains independent

  26. The Legacy of Imperialism Caricature of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin Mozambican war refugees, 1978

  27. How do the pictures show how life changed for Africans after the arrival of Europeans? 3 examples

  28. A Closer Look at Imperialism in Africa • European quest to control natural resources • Doing so led to drastic changes in the infrastructure of the continent The port of Zanzibar around 1900

  29. Transportation, Communication, Education, Medical Care

  30. Effects • New political systems – • Direct and Indirect Rule • New Economic pattern: • money economy, cash crops, taxes, dependence, lack of diversity • Transportation • Communication • Education • Sanitation and water systems • Medical Care • migrant workers, chibaro (forced labor) • = breakdown of Family • New attitude towards land • = Land ownership

  31. Effects • Racism • Christianity • Artificial boundaries • Educated African elite • Nationalism • Westernization • Generalization: change and breakdown of traditional values and organizations

  32. Economic Consequences Cash Crops • depleted the soil and made it difficult to grow subsistence crops. • undermine local industries because they sucked up most of the labor force. • once colonies gained their independence, years of dependence on a single cash crop made it difficult to modernize and diversify their economies Result: Slowed development and modernization

  33. #15 Effects of WWII in Africa • Turning point to the Rise of Nationalist Movements • Why? • African saw the human side of European while serving together – not superior – destroyed their invincibility • An increasing number of Africans reasoned that a war in which Europeans slaughtered fellow Europeans, meant that colonial regimes had little right to lecture African leaders and people about how to conduct their affairs

  34. Effects of European Imperialism on Africa Directions: Using your answers from question #14 from Scramble for Africa sheet and pages 102-104 from the text, categorize the effects of European Imperialism on Africa an improvement or disruption to African culture. Was European Imperialism in Africa more disruptive or beneficial to the African culture and its people? Support your answer with evidence.

  35. Improvement • Material Improvements • Transportation and communication • RR and Telegraphs • Hospitals • Sanitation and water systems • Formal education system (western) • Educated African elite • Nationalism

  36. Disruption • Disruption of Traditional African Life • New political systems • New Economic pattern: money economy, cash crops, taxes, economic dependence, lack of diversity • migrant workers, chibaro = breakdown of Family • New attitude towards land • Racism • Christianity • Artificial boundaries • westernization • Generalization: change and breakdown of traditional values and organizations

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