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European Exploration and Settlement in America, 1492-1700

Explore the early European exploration of America from the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the establishment of Jamestown and Plymouth. Learn about the impact of technology, religious conflicts, trade competition, and the rise of nation-states on the exploration and settlement of the New World.

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European Exploration and Settlement in America, 1492-1700

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  1. Exploration, Discovery, & Settlement , 1492-1700 APUSH: Unit 1, Lecture 1 (covers Chapter 1) Mrs. Kray Some slides taken from Susan Pojer at historyteacher.net

  2. How Did We Get Here? • Land Bridge – 40,000 yrs ago • Debate over Native American Population • By 1490s: 50 to 75 mil. • N. America: 1 to 10 mil.

  3. Cultures of Central & South America • Where the great majority of Native Americans lived • Developed highly organized societies • Yucatan – Mayans • Central Mexico – Aztecs • Peru – Incas

  4. Cultures of North America

  5. Small Settlements • Most Common • Settlements semi-permanent • Pop: seldom above 300 • Examples: Sioux and Pawnee

  6. Larger Societies • Southwest (NM) • Pueblos • MI & OH River Valleys • mound-building cultures • Adena, Hopewell, Mississippians • Northeast (NY) • League of the Iroquois

  7. Europe Moves Toward Exploration WHY?

  8. #1 Improvements in Technology • Renaissance Period • time of great artistic and scientific activity • Use of gunpowder spreads • Improvements in shipbuilding and mapmaking • Printing press to spread knowledge

  9. Examples of Technology Astrolobe Caravel Prince Henry the Navigator

  10. #2 Religious Conflict • Spain united under Catholic rulers • 1492  Muslims expelled • Protestant Reformation/Catholic Counter-Reformation • Religious wars swept Europe • Catholics & Protestants want to spread their faith to non-Christians abroad.

  11. #3 Expanding Trade • Fierce competition for trade with Africa, India, and China • Land route to Asia blocked by Ottoman Turks • Looking for new routes to Asia

  12. #4 Rise of Nation-States • Monarchs were gaining power • Depended on trade to bring in needed revenues and the Church to justify their right to rule

  13. Early Explorations

  14. Christopher Columbus • Oct. 12, 1492 lands in Bahamas • Made three trips • His legacy • Treatment of Native Americans • Permanent interaction w/Europeans & Native Americas • Columbian Exchange

  15. Dividing the World

  16. Spanish Conquistadors Cortez Balboa Pizarro

  17. Spanish Exploration & Conquest • Conquistadors sent shiploads of gold and silver back to Spain • increased the gold supply 500% • Spain richest and most powerful nation in Europe • Used the encomienda system • King gave grants of land & Indians to individual Spaniards • Disease decimated native population replaced with African slaves (asiento system)

  18. English Claims

  19. John Cabot, 1497 • Earliest claim • Explored Newfoundland

  20. Sir Francis Drake • 1570s-1580s – sea dogs harassed Spanish shipping • 1588 – English defeat Spanish Armada • British gained naval superiority

  21. Roanoke Island, N.C. 1587 • 1st English settlement in America • “Croatoan” Sir Walter Raleigh

  22. French Claims • 1534-1542: Cartier explored St. Lawrence • 1608: Champlain est. Quebec • 1682: de la Salle explored Louisiana

  23. Dutch Claims • 1609: Explored “Hudson” River & est. claims to surrounding area • New Amsterdam (modern-day NY) • Dutch West India Company • Joint-stock company • Given control of the region

  24. European territorial claims in the New World

  25. Early English Settlements

  26. Jamestown

  27. The Virginia Company, 1606 • Chartered by King James I • Joint stock company

  28. Jamestown, 1607 Early problems: Indian attacks, famine, disease – own mistakes.

  29. John Rolfe John Smith Pocahontas

  30. Tobacco Production 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

  31. Indentured Servitude Headright System

  32. Transition to Royal Colony • Virginia Company went bankrupt • 1624 – King James I revoked their charter • 1st royal colony

  33. Puritan Colonies

  34. Sources of Puritan Migration • Pilgrims were Puritan Separatists • First migrated to Holland • Then to the New World

  35. Voyage on the Mayflower • 1620: 100 passengers take 65 day voyage • Plymouth Rock • Mayflower Compact • Fewer than ½ the passengers were Separatists • Decision would be made by majority decision

  36. The Pilgrims Land at Plymouth, 1620

  37. Plymouth Suffers Hardships • 1st winter  50% die • Thanksgiving • Strong leaders help the colony survive • Miles Standish • Gov. William Bradford • Fish, furs, and lumber become mainstays

  38. Massachusetts Bay Colony Pilgrims? vs. Puritans?

  39. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Far more important and influential to American history than Pilgrims • 1629: Massachusetts Bay Company gains royal charter for a new colony • Great Migration adds another 15,000 • 1630: John Winthrop leads and founds Boston. • “City Upon the Hill” Speech

  40. Early Political Institutions • Majority Rule in Plymouth • Mayflower Compact • Early form of self-government • Early form of written constitution, est. powers and duties of the gov’t • Representative gov’t in Jamestown • To encourage settlement Virginia Company guaranteed colonists same rights as Englishmen • Virginia House of Burgesses • Representative gov’t in Massachusetts • All male members of the Puritan Church had the right to participate in yearly elections

  41. Early Political Institutions

  42. Mayflower Compact, 1620 • Pledge by Pilgrims to make decisions by the will of the majority • Early form of colonial self-government • Early form of written constitution

  43. Limited Nature of Democracy • Only male property owners could vote for representatives • No women voters • No landless voters  will cause problems for free indentured servants later • Many colonial governors ruled with autocratic or unlimited powers and answered only to the king.

  44. European Treatment of Native Americans

  45. Spanish Policy • Approach was to conquer, rule, & intermarry • Encomienda System • A rigid class-system develops

  46. Spanish Settlements in North America

  47. English Policy • No intermarriage • At first relations are decent • Occupied the land and forced tribes they encountered to move away

  48. Powhatan Confederacy

  49. Indian Uprisings Pocahontas Chief Powhatan

  50. Indian Uprisings • 1608-1613: 1st Anglo-Powhatan War • Conflict ended with Pocahontas’ marriage to John Rolfe • 1622: Indian Massacre • 2nd Anglo-Powhatan War • 1644: Indian attack • Powhatan tribe again tried to expel English • 3rd Anglo-Powhatan War

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