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Plant Science. Career Areas. Forest careers are related to growing, managing, and harvesting trees for wood and wood by-products. Forest career examples. Forester - is a service-oriented career that helps with the science of growing trees
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Career Areas • Forest careers are related to growing, managing, and harvesting trees for wood and wood by-products
Forest career examples • Forester- is a service-oriented career that helps with the science of growing trees • Forest ranger- finds employment primarily with the government to manage forests on state and federal lands but may also assist with fire prevention on private lands as well.
Forest career examples • Logging foreman- will supervise a crew involved in the harvesting phase
Career Areas • Horticultural careers are as varied as the industry itself • Floriculture careers are related to flower production and use
Floriculture careers • Floral designer- designs flowers for florist or business • Flower grower- produces flowers used in floral design • Greenhouse manager- manages the production process for a flower grower
Floriculture careers cont. • Retail florist- floral business that furnishes flowers to the general public • Wholesale florist- floral business that furnishes flowers and supplies to retail florist
Landscaping and nursery careers • Landscaping and nursery careers are related to the use and production of plants for aesthetic purposes. Plants may be used around homes, businesses, parks, etc.
Landscaping and nursery careers • Greenskeeper- takes care of golf course turf • Landscaper- installs plants in various locations • Landscape architect- designs plans for plant installation • Nursery operator- grows trees and shrubs needed for landscaping • Turf farmer- grows turf grass for sale
Tools used in the plant science industry • A bush axe is used for clearing undergrowth http://soshel.home.mindspring.com/gsu/brushaxe/brushaxe.htm
Tools used in the plant science industry • A grafting tool is used to prepare woody parts of two plants to be joined together Fruit stock grafting knife http://www.frostproof.com/catalog/h64110.html
Tools used in the plant science industry • A planting bar is a forestry tool used for setting out seedlings http://www.itascagreenhouse.com/page22.html
Tools used in the plant science industry • A pruning saw is used to saw limbs http://www.stihlusa.com/handtools/PS40.html
Tools used in the plant science industry • A soil thermometer is used to determine soil temperature • A soil tube is used to obtain a soil sample http://www.keyaginc.com/toppage5.htm http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~crawshaw/itmidx1.htm
Tools used in the plant science industry • Chain saws are either electric or gasoline powered. Gasoline powered chain saws are used for cutting trees and large limbs http://www.vannattabros.com/tools.html
Tools used in the plant science industry • Hand lopping shears are used when pruning shrubs or trees to cut large branches in hard to reach places http://www.frostproof.com/catalog/h33.html
Tools used in the plant science industry • Hedge shears are used when trimming and shaping shrubbery into a continuous row or hedge • Pruning shears are used to cut small limbs when shaping shrubbery www.frostproof.com
Types of plant growing media • Soil is the top layer of the Earth’s surface and is the primary medium for cultivated plants • Sphagnum moss is used for encouraging root growth under certain conditions http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761576446
Types of plant growing media • Perlite is a volcanic glass material used for starting new plants and in media mixes • Vermiculite is a mineral mica-type material used for starting plant seeds and cuttings and in media mixes • Peat moss is used in media mixes of various types http://www.fafard.com/html/g-peat.html
Amending the pH of Plant Growing Media • Improper soil/media pH will have the most impact on the availability of nutrients in the soil/media • Soil/media with high alkalinity are made more acidic by lowering the pH value with sulfur or aluminum sulfate
Amending the pH of Plant Growing Media • Soil/media with a high acidic level is made more alkaline by raising the value with lime • Lime is usually applied as finely ground limestone that supplies both calcium and magnesium
Fertilizers • A complete fertilizer must contain the three primary nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium • Fertilizers come in various forms, but most nutrients within a fertilizer must come in a liquid form (soluble) to be used by plants
Fertilizers • Organic fertilizers include animal manures and compost made with plant or animal products. Some examples are: • Dried and pulverized manures • Bone meal (phosphorus is the primary element) • Soybean meal
Fertilizers • Organic fertilizers are usually slow acting and long lasting forms of nitrogen but lacking in the other primary nutrients (except bone meal) • Inorganic fertilizers have a higher analysis of soluble nutrients that have been blended together for a specific purpose.
Fertilizer applications • Broadcasting or spreading evenly over the entire surface is used on turf and home lawns • Side-dressing is done by placing fertilizer in bands about 8 inches from the row of growing plants • Foliar application is the spraying of fertilizer directly onto the leaves of plants, usually organic
Taproot: main root of a plant and generally Fibrous roots: thin, thread-like, usually without a primary root present Roots:take in the nutrients and water from the soil
Stem • Woody stems are tough and winter hardy. • They often have bark around them • Herbaceous stems are succulent, often green, and will not survive in cold climates • Supports the leaves, flowers, and fruit • Two basic types of aboveground stems: woody and herbaceous
Stem modifications • Tuber: underground stem enlarged for storage of food
Stem modifications • Rhizome: underground stem, often has buds which sprout to form new shoots
Stem modifications • Stolon: above ground stem, has buds which sprout to form new shoots
Bulb: underground stem with fleshy leaves which store food, for example an onion Corm: fleshy underground stem wit papery leaves, for example a gladiolus Stem modifications
Leaves • The leaf manufactures the food for the plant by using light energy
Leaves are useful for identification of the plant. The leaf edge (margin), shape, and arrangement are all important in plant identification
Flowers • The primary function of flowers is the production of seed • A perfect flower contains all male and female parts
Other • Seed develops in the female part of the flower (pistil) • The pistil then enlarges and becomes the fruit
The photosynthesis process • Photosynthesis is a series of processes in which light energy is connected to chemical energy in the form of a simple sugar • Chlorophyll and chloroplast are essential • Plants used carbon dioxide to manufacture food for plant and releases oxygen necessary for animal life at the same time
The photosynthesis process • The rate at which the photosynthesis (food making) process occurs depends on and varies with light intensity, temperature, and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
The photosynthesis process • A shortageof carbon dioxide causes a low rate of photosynthesis • An enclosed greenhouse can have a shortage of carbon dioxide • A carbon dioxide generator might be used to correct a shortage of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse
The photosynthesis process • Low light hinders plant growth • A dark room reduces the rate of photosynthesis and plants will have stunted growth and yellow leaves • Plants adapt to various levels of light brightness (intensity) but all plants have a preferred range of light intensity
The photosynthesis process • Temperature affects the process of photosynthesis • The best rate of photosynthesis occurs between 65-85 degrees Fahrenheit • Extremes of temperature can completely stop the process
Parts of the Flower • The male part is the stamen and consists of the: • Filamentthat supports the anther • Anther that manufactures pollen • Pollen that is the male reproductive cell http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/case4/c4facts1a.html
Parts of the Flower • The female part is the pistil and consists of the : • Stigma that receives the pollen • Style that is the connection to the ovary • Ovary that contains the ovules (female reproductive cells) http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/case4/c4facts1a.html
Parts of the Flower • Petals are the colored part of the flower that attract insects or other natural pollinators • Sepals function as a protection for the developing flower http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/case4/c4facts1a.html
Parts of the seed http://www.netusa1.net/~gwmager/SeedLbl.html
Parts of the seed • Seed coat- protects the seed • Sometimes the seed coat is very hard and difficult to germinate • Horticulturalists assist germination by scarifying the seed coat or damaging the seed coat to promote germination
Parts of the seed • Endosperm- supplies food for the germinating seed • Embryo- is the young plant itself
Propagation • Increasing the number of a plant species or reproduction of a species • Sexual propagation is the use of a seed for reproducing plants • Only way to obtain new varieties and increase hybrid vigor • Often times is less expensive and quicker than other methods
Propagation • Asexual propagation is the use of a part or parts of a plant for reproducing plants • Also called vegetative propagation • The new plant is an exact duplication of the parent plant