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Melissa Guidry Advisor: Eugeniy Mikhailov Department of Physics , College of William & Mary

Exploring the multi-mode structure of atom-generated squeezed light. Melissa Guidry Advisor: Eugeniy Mikhailov Department of Physics , College of William & Mary. Outline. Introduction to light quadratures Squeezed light Applications Squeezing through atoms Experiment Noise detection

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Melissa Guidry Advisor: Eugeniy Mikhailov Department of Physics , College of William & Mary

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  1. Exploring the multi-mode structure of atom-generated squeezed light Melissa Guidry Advisor: EugeniyMikhailov Department of Physics, College of William & Mary

  2. Outline • Introduction to light quadratures • Squeezed light • Applications • Squeezing through atoms • Experiment • Noise detection • Pump beam mode optimization • Local oscillator mode shaping • Conclusions and outlook • Spatial photon statistics

  3. Quantum fluctuations Quantization of the EM-field Quadrature operators Non-commutative: Coherent state Squeezed state

  4. Squeezed vacuum Coherent vacuum Squeezed vacuum • Applications: • Quantum probe in EIT-based quantum memory • Enhanced laser interferometry (GEO600, LIGO) • Precision metrology

  5. Applications Interferometric gravitational wave detectors Atomic clocks 2 dB squeezing: 26% sensitivity improvement1 Absorption spectroscopy 1H. Grote et al. Phys. Rev. Lett.110, 181101 (2013).

  6. Squeezing measurement • Polarization self-rotation • Predicted squeezing: -8 dB • Best squeezing: -3 dB • Our squeezing: -2.7 dB A. B. Matsko, I. Novikova, G. R. Welch, D. Budker, D. F. Kimball, and S. M. Rochester. Phys. Rev. A 66, 043815 (2002) S. Barreiro, P. Valente, H. Failache, and A. Lezama Phys. Rev. A 84, 033851 (2011) -1 0 +1

  7. Homodyne detection |

  8. GP SMPM fiber L L Rb87-cell Diode laser BPD Spectrum analyzer PhR PBS 50/50 SMPM Single-mode polarization-maintaining M Mirror SLM Spatial light modulator GP Glenn Polarizer PhR Phase-retarding plate BPD Balanced photodiodes

  9. Mode structure Squeezed vacuum 87Rb-cell 87Rb-cell LO M. Zhang, et al. Phys. Rev. A, 93:013853, 2016.

  10. Multi-mode generation Local oscillator imaging MiZhang, R. Nicholas Lanning, Zhihao Xiao, Jonathan P. Dowling, Irina Novikova, and Eugeniy E. Mikhailov, Phys. Rev. A 93, 01385 (2016) • Complex spatial structure of the squeezed field • Local oscillator and vacuum field both experience spatial dependence on atomic density • Spatial distribution of pump beam influences squeezing Increasing atomic density

  11. Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes • Higher order mode generation • Power moved from Gaussian mode to higher order LG modes

  12. Spatial light modulator V. Nikolenko, et al. Desired image Phase mask Fluorescence

  13. L L 87 Rb-cell Detection Squeezing SLM Pump beam mode structure optimization: Set an initial phase mask Measure squeezing Alter the phase mask Measure squeezing Reject or accept move

  14. Spatial optimization Phase mask applied to the SLM is composed of higher modes, setting or : and are the real and imaginary components of the coefficient. is the phase of the mode with waist .

  15. Pump beam optimization

  16. Local oscillator optimization SLM Original squeezing: -1.8 dB Squeezing with SLM turned on: -1.0 dB No improvement was observed. L Rb87-cell M • Possible explanation: • Voltage applied to liquid crystals induces oscillations • Oscillating crystals  Phase oscillations • Induces cycling through quadratures, averaging greater noise

  17. Optimization summary Rb87-cell Rb87-cell Reflection off of the SLM deteriorates squeezing in the on state. Reshaping the pump beam using the SLM can improve squeezing under some conditions. SLM SLM Looking at spatial squeezing directly? Quantum noise-limited camera Measure photon statistics

  18. Four distinct noise lobes

  19. Outlook AOM shutter Camera kinetic mode subtraction with knife blade Low frequency removal Camera artifact removal Spatial correlations in noise Figure source: africa-wildlife-detective.com

  20. Acknowledgements Louisiana State University William & Mary Quantum Optics Group Jonathan P. Dowling R. Nicholas Lanning Zhihao Xiao This project is supported by AFOSR grant FA9550-13-1-0098, MAG is supported by the VSGC.

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