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Chapter 18 Classification

Chapter 18 Classification. 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity. Assigning Scientific Names Common names confusing=varies w/ lang & location Scientific name ( latin ) same worldwide. Puma. Cougar. Panther. Common names for a mountain l ion:. Dichotomous key : guide to ID unknown org

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Chapter 18 Classification

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  1. Chapter 18 Classification

  2. 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity • Assigning Scientific Names • Common names confusing=varies w/lang & location • Scientific name (latin) same worldwide Puma Cougar Panther Common names for a mountain lion:

  3. Dichotomous key: guide to ID unknown org • Uses paired statements with alternate choices

  4. Binomial Nomenclature: • Linneaus (Swedish botanist) developed • 2-word naming system • Genus speciesor Genus species • Genus=type or group; species=unique description • Classifying species into larger groups • Systematics: organizing life into meaningful groups • Taxa: biological groupings The king vulture Sarcorhamphus papahas a scientific name that means "father or leader with a fleshy, curved beak." This poison arrow frog's scientific name, Dendrobatesazureus, means blue tree-walker!

  5. Linnaean Classification System • Uses 7 hierarchical, ordered ranks-taxa • Largest to smallest: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

  6. Problems with Traditional Classification Used visible similarities/differences (barnacles look like limpets but are more like crabs) Today: use evolutionary relationships Limpet: gastropod mollusk Barnacle: crustacea Crab: Crustacea

  7. 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification • Evolutionary Classification • Phylogeny: species grouped by evolutionary descent • Common Ancestors: taxa groupings show relationships • Larger, more diverse taxa=more ancient common ancestor • Clades-a monophyletic group: single common ancestor and all descendants (living & extinct)

  8. Cladogram Cladistic analysis shows specific traits branch from comm ancestor Links groups showing evolutionary relationships Building Cladograms: branches (nodes) represent ancestral species splitting in 2 Each node=last point species above line shared com ancestor Root of node=common ancestor of those more recent

  9. Derived Characters: trait arising in most recent ancestor of lineage Losing Traits: tetrapods (4 limbs) include reptiles; snake still reptile Interpreting Cladogram: character positions reflects order they arose Clade vs Traditional grps: evol. links more accurate=clades connects all species back to original ancestor (dinosaurs/ birds/reptile)

  10. DNA in Classfication • Genes as Derived Characteristics • Gene homologies (similarities) determine evolutionryrelationshps • Mutations=derived characteristisc • More recent commn ancestors = ↓ diffs in genes (more mutations in common) =>closer related

  11. African Vulture Amercan Vulture Giant Panda New Evolutionary Trees DNA=more accurate evolutionary tree American vulture looks like African vulture yet DNA & behavior more similar to stork (more recent comm ancestor) Giant panda DNA more like bears; Red panda DNA more like racoons (Pandas now in different clades) Raccoons Red pandas Giant pandas Bears Red Panda Stork Common Ancestor

  12. 18.3 Kingdoms (6) & Domains(3) • Changing Ideas about Kingdoms • W/diversity of life: science moved from Linnaeus’s 2 kingdms to 5 • Genetic data= bacteria Kingdom Monera divided into 2 • Genome data=new taxonomic division: Domain (larger than kingdom); now have 3 • “Protista”: so diverse, > than 1 commancestr=not true clade

  13. The Tree of Life

  14. Domain Bacteria • Kingdom Eubacteria • Characteristics: • Unicellular • Prokaryotic • Thick Cell Wall • Peptidoglycan • Diverse (majority)

  15. Domain Archaea • Kingdom Archaebacteria • Characteristics: • Unicellular & anaerobic • Prokaryotic • Cell membranes contain unique lipids • Extreme Env’t

  16. Domain Eukarya w/4 Kingdoms • Kingdom Protista • Paraphyletic group (more than 1 com ancestor) • Plant-like, fungus-like, animal-like members • Now at least 5 clades • Most single celled • Kingdom Fungi • Feed on dead/decaying org. • Cell walls contain chitin • Digest externally • Most multicellular

  17. Kingdom Plantae • Autotrophic=Photosynthesis • Cell Wall (cellulose) • All plants are sister group to red algae (protist) • Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular/hetero • No Cell Wall/Motile

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