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America: The Beginnings

America: The Beginnings. I. Bering Straight (Beringia) Land Bridge. 25,000 B.C. Hunter- Gatherers 4 mill. 20 mill. in Mex. Southwestern Cliff Dwellings. Long Houses. Teepees. European Exploration of the Americas .

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America: The Beginnings

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  1. America: The Beginnings

  2. I. Bering Straight (Beringia)Land Bridge • 25,000 B.C. • Hunter- Gatherers • 4 mill. • 20 mill. in Mex.

  3. Southwestern Cliff Dwellings

  4. Long Houses

  5. Teepees

  6. European Exploration of the Americas

  7. MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT CHANGED? NEW TECHNOLOGY: • COMPASS • GLOBE • RUDDER • IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN • QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS) • MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES • MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS

  8. III. Spanish Hernando Cortez Francisco Pizarro

  9. Spanish • Hernando Cortez and Francisco Pizarro • Convert natives to Catholicism • Economic factors • 1519 Cortez invaded Mexico and met the Aztecs in Tenochitlan (Mexico City) • 2 yrs. later Aztecs defeated Spanish had better technology (ie: guns, horses, steel), and diseases (ie: smallpox)

  10. Spanish (cont’d) 3. 1531-Pizarro defeats the Incas in the Andes mountains. ***1565, the first permanent European settlement in North America, St. Augustine, was founded in what is now Florida

  11. Aztec Empire

  12. Inca Empire

  13. Spanish (cont’d) • Gold was shipped back to Spain • Large Spanish Empire was created in N. & S. America • In N. America, missionaries and economic opportunists settled in Southwester U.S. and Florida • Effects of Spanish conquests • Decrease in native populations • Harsh rule; Native Americans were near-slaves on Spanish plantations • Horses altered Native American lifetravel, follow game

  14. Spanish (cont’d)

  15. French Samuel de Champlain Fur Trade

  16. IV. French • 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec • Few French came: climate, few incentives to leave France • 65% who came to Quebec, returned home! • Huguenots-French Protestants, who settled in the Americas. • French Intersts: • Catholic Converts; not as harsh as the Spanish • Farmingtrapping and fur trading

  17. French (cont’d) • Jesuits-Missionary group with settlements in FL, NM, Paraguay, and French territory in N.Americaorganized with military precision and order • Jesuit Jaques Marquette & fur trader Louis Joliet reached the Mississippi River, WI, and AK • Robert La Salle explored the Mississippi River and name the territory Louisiana (after Louis XIV)

  18. French (cont’d) • Effects of the French • Disease wiped out @30% of Native Americans they encountered • Bloody wars with the Native Americans over the fur trade • Had more Catholic convertsdidn’t require forced labor (ie: Spanish) • SUCCESSES: Fur trade industry, native converts FAILURS: large numbers of settlers never took root there

  19. Dutch Henry Hudson? Perhaps he never sat for a portrait

  20. V. Dutch • Commercial/economic interests • 1609, Henry Hudson discovered and named the Hudson River • Established trading centers in present-day NY, Manhattan, NJ, CT, PA • SUCCESSES: Successful fur traders FAILURES: Many bloody conflicts with the Native Americans, limited economic endeavors

  21. Dutch (cont’d) • IN 1624 THE DUTCH PURCHASED WHAT TODAY IS THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN IN NEW YORK FROM LOCAL INDIANS FOR THE EQUIVALENT OF $24. THE DUTCH NAMED THE AREA “NEW AMSTERDAM”. • THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY create COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND WHEN 30 FAMILIES SETTLED ALONG THE DELAWARE AND HUDSON RIVERS AND GOVERNOR’S ISLAND. • THE DUTCH CONTROLLED THIS AREA UNTIL 1664 WHEN THE GOVERNOR SURRENDERED THE TERRITORY TO THE BRITISH

  22. VI. English • Reasons they came: England after 1550 • High inflation • Decline in wages • Huge population growth overcrowding • Religion • Puritans followers of John Calvin, left England to the Americas to practice their religion free of English civil or religious authorities • Remained a part of the Church of England aka Anglican Church, wanted to make the Church of England, “purer”, hence Puritans

  23. English Puritanism • Believed in predestination and in the authority of Scripture over papal authority.

  24. English (cont’d) • Separatists aka Pilgrimswanted to “separate” from the Church of England entirely • First Permanent English settlement: Jamestown, VA, founded in 1607 by John Smith. • Successful because of the cultivation of TOBACCO

  25. English • Tobacco needed workers • Indentured Servants-Had to work for a number of years (ie: 3, or 10) for free passage to the Americas • African slaves came in 1619 • House of Burgesses, 1619 1st representative government in any British Colony

  26. Pilgrims • New England Colonization • 1620, Mayflower Compact the Pilgrim settlement would have a government answerable to the will of the governed (self-government) • 1691, joined the Massachusetts Bay Colony est. by the Puritans • MA/VA Colonies both had Rep. Gov. • VA had slaves; Mass. didn’t

  27. Religious Dissent • Mass. Bay Colony purpose to SERVE GOD • Dissent NOT tolerate • Roger Williams believed Puritans were still too close to the Church of England • Preached “Total Separation of Church and State” • Settled in Providence, Rhode Island • Anne Hutchinson claimed to have received revelations from God • Founded Portsmouth near Narragansett Bay

  28. Religious Dissent (cont’d) • John Davenport & Thomas Hooker establish CT., 1662.

  29. Maryland and the Carolinas • Propriety Colonies—given to single individuals or groups of individuals; not a company • Maryland—settled 1632, John Calvert • Refuge for English Catholics • N. & S. Carolina used indentured servants and Native Americans at first; then turned to slavery when they needed large numbers and after indentured servants gained freedom

  30. VII. Effects of English, French, and British Settlement • Disease killed many • Agricultural products changed the ecosystem • Population patterns changed: influx of slaves, loss of many Nat. Ams., increase in Europeans • Gradually introduced representative gov. and freedom of religion- which were concepts not popular in much of Europe

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