Green Strategies For Historic Buildings

1. Green Strategies For Historic Buildings Jean Carroon FAIA LEED Principal for Preservation Goody Clancy Jean.carroon@goodyclancy.com

2. Four Master Lectures • Green Buildings – Terms and Tools • Sustainable Development- Tools Ecosystems – Water and Waste • Energy & Buildings • Changing Priorities Ahead • Process • Product (Case Studies) • Resources Green Strategies - Carroon

3. Energy, Buildings and Us • Problem • Current Solutions – do they work? • Existing Buildings – essential solutions • Houses • Main Street • The Bigger Picture Green Strategies - Carroon

4. June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

5. CO2 Emissions Comparison Source: World Resources Institute (Climate Analysis Indicators Tool; online at http://cait.wri.org/figures.php) June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

6. AIA Buildings are the major source of demand for energy and materials that produce by-product greenhouse gases (GHG). Slowing the growth rate of GHG emissions and then reversing it over the next ten years is the key to keeping global warming under one degree centigrade (°C) above today's level. It will require immediate action and a concerted global effort. "The road to energy independence, economic recovery and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions runs through the Building Sector."-Edward Mazria Slide by Stephen Tilly

7. AIA 2030 Challenge The 2030 Challenge asks the global architecture and building community to adopt the following targets: • All new buildings, developments and major renovations shall be designed to meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type. • At a minimum, an equal amount of existing building area shall be renovated annually to meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type. Slide by Stephen Tilly

8. AIA 2030 Challenge • The fossil fuel reduction standard for all new buildings and major renovations shall be increased to: 60% in 2010 70% in 2015 80% in 2020 90% in 2025 Carbon-neutral in 2030 (using no fossil fuel GHG emitting energy to operate). These targets may be accomplished by implementing innovative sustainable design strategies, generating on-site renewable power and/or purchasing (20% maximum) renewable energy and/or certified renewable energy credits. Slide by Stephen Tilly

9. Solution - New Buildings – LEED Oregon Health & Science University Center for Health & Healing LEED Platinum – 16 stories 412,000 SF June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

10. Solution - Energy Codes A small house built to only moderate energy-performance standards uses substantially less energy for heating and cooling than a large house built to very high energy-performance standards. Alex Wilson and Jessica Boehland, “Small is Beautiful US House Size, Resource Use and the Environment”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2005 www.brianbellconstruction.com/custom.htm 4350 SF Energy Efficient Home June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

11. Solution – Rebuild America By 2030 , we will have demolished and replaced 82 billion square feet of existing buildings. Brookings Institute The energy required for this could power the entire state of California, the 10th largest economy in the world with 36 million people, for 10 years. Rehabilitating even 10 % would save enough energy to power the state of New York for well over 1 year. www.preservationnation.org Prince Hall (1904–2006) Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Photos by Rob Powers (www/builtstlouis.net) June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon Slide: Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy

12. A Better Solution - Reuse Buildings Energy required to make a new energy efficient house is the equivalent of 25 years of end-use energy consumption. www.homeenergy.org – 1997 New energy-efficient homes recover the carbon expended in construction only after 35-50 years of energy efficient operations. New Tricks with Old Bricks www.emptyhomes.com Moving Houses in Seattle, WA 1906 during regrade June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

13. 300 Billion Square Feet 300 Billion Square Feet of Existing Buildings in the USA outnumbering new construction 99:1 Source: US Dept of Energy Commercial Building Inventory, 2003 “Energy efficiency options for new and existing buildings could considerably reduce CO2 emisions with net economic benefit .”– IPCC Fourth Assessment Report June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

14. Clinton Climate Initiative Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI) • CCI is taking a macro-level approach to addressing climate change by working with some of the world’s largest cities – and biggest contributors of greenhouse gases – to reduce their carbon emissions through programs that will also encourage economic development. • By bringing local governments together with financial and technical experts, CCI is helping to develop and implement large scale projects that result in improved energy efficiency and reduced emissions in urban areas around the world. Slide by Stephen Tilly

15. Buildings are responsible for more than half of harmful greenhouse gas emissions in most cities. CCI’s Energy Efficiency Building Retrofit Program brings together banks, energy services companies, cities, and building owners to perform energy efficiency retrofits that guarantee energy and cost-savings. Slide by Stephen Tilly

16. CCI • CCI has partnered with Microsoft, ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, The Center for Neighborhood Technology, and Ascentium to develop Project 2°, a website containing the Emissions Tracker software tool. • Users input data on emissions producing activities such as fuel and electricity consumption, vehicle numbers, waste production, industrial processes and plane and ship fuel use. • The software then converts the data into tons of CO2 equivalent, taking into consideration the source and type of energy and fuel used in each area. • Once cities have a concrete understanding of the amount of greenhouse gas each sector emits, policymakers can then put into place realistic reduction strategies. Slide by Stephen Tilly

17. 100 Million Households www.lodging4vacations.com/cape-elizabeth accessed 5/21/2009 The average house is 33 years old. www.nahb.com 57 % of households live in single family detached homes and consume 73 % of all residential energy. “Towards a Climate-Friendly Built Environment” – www.pewclimate.org June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon Slide: Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy

18. Current Residential Energy Use The largest opportunities for improving energy efficiency lie in the residential sector. By 2020, the sector’s energy demand could be 30% lower than today’s levels. McKinsey Global Institute Wasted Energy: How the US Can Reach Its Energy Productivity Potential June 2007 June 4,2009 Green Strategies - Carroon www.eia.doe.com

19. Start with an Energy Audit energystar.govhttp://hes.lbl.gov/ Green Strategies - Carroon

20. Change a Light Bulb Green Strategies - Carroon

21. Install a Programmable Thermostat Rebates & Simple Installation Green Strategies - Carroon

22. Unplug Electronics When Not in Use Even though your TV, DVD player and computer are turned off, they’re still using electricity. In fact, the Department of Energy estimates that 40 percent of all electricity used to power home electronics is consumed while the products are turned off. www.nstar.com www.chilliwack.com City of Chilliwack, B.C. Green Strategies - Carroon

23. ThoughtfulActions Save Resources • Maintain your boilers and steam traps • Use cold water when you wash • Use a clothes rack (or a clothesline) for drying • Keep refrigerator coils clean • Use a lap top – it’s more energy efficient • Wrap your water heater (better yet –go solar) • Make sure the dishwasher is full • Turn of lights when you leave a room • Don’t heat unused rooms June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

24. www.preservationnation.org • Energy audit • Plant trees • Block air infiltration • Restore porches • Restore awnings • Insulate attic, basement & crawl space • Keep doors tight • Use fans, cross ventilate • Reuse materials June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

26. Recession-Proof Green Agenda Cost-Effective Green Retrofits • Retrocommissioning • Lighting improvements • Mechanical system controls • Mechanical system equipment • Sealing holes in the envelope • Green cleaning • Water savings June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon

27. Donald FournierSEDAC Program ManagerChair, Building Research CouncilSchool of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Saving Energy on Main Street

28. SEDAC Program Results • Clients assisted (as of December 31, 2008): • Level 1 – 1,318 • Level 2 – 342 • Level 3 – 157 • Level 4 – 164 • Completed studies of over 20 million square feet with over 43,000 employees. • An additional 9 million sf underway. • Recommended energy savings > $11,800,000. • Energy impact of 719,755 million Btu (4,258,234 therms & 86,147 MWh) and a demand reduction of 19.8 MW. Green Strategies - Carroon

29. Energy Efficiency Examples • Office Buildings: $2.50 to $3.75 in incremental asset value for $1 invested. • Hospitals: Each $1 saved in energy costs equivalent to generating new revenues of $20. • Supermarkets: 10% reduction in energy use is equivalent to increasing net profit margins by 15%. • Hotels: 10% reduction in energy costs is equivalent to increasing Average Daily Rate by 2.6% and increasing Occupancy Rate by 4.3%. Green Strategies - Carroon

30. ASHRAE Vision 2020 • Providing tools by 2020 to enable the building community to produce market-viable NZEBs by 2030. • NZEB means the building produces as much energy as it uses when measured at the site.

31. ASHRAE Actions/Initiatives • Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Bldgs – 5 to 7% below 2004. • Standard 90.1-2010 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Bldgs: • Keeping abreast of technology and increased efficiency requirements (30 percent reduction from 90.1-2004). • Performance or prescriptive based. • Prescriptive paths per weather zone and building type. Green Strategies - Carroon

32. Other ASHRAE Actions • Advanced Energy Design Guides: • 30%, 50%, 75%, then Net Zero Energy • Small Buildings (<20,000sf) • Office, Retail, K-12 Schools, Warehouses, Highway Lodging, High-rise Residential, and Existing Buildings. • Schedule: • Complete all 30% guides by 2008. • Complete all 50% guides by 2011. • Complete “net-zero” guidance 2017 (70/30).

33. ASHRAE AEDGs Download free: http://www.ashrae.org/aedg

34. Energy Efficiency • The cost of saving energy is going down while the price of energy is going up. • Efficiency is the cleanest, cheapest, safest, and most secure source energy we have. • These savings from energy efficiency to date have not yet come close to tapping the full potential for savings. • Incentives/financing: • EPAct 2005/EISA 2008 tax deductions and credits. • EEPS rebates will encourage efficiency. • Cultivate Illinois – low interest loans.

35. Performance Assessment Accounting of Energy Use and Costs Comparison with Similar Facilities Goals Tools: Energy Star Target Finder (>5ksf) Business Energy Analyzer www.energyguide.com Green Strategies - Carroon

36. Investment Horizons

37. Recommended ECRMs - Store • Upgrade Lighting • Zone Lighting • Change to more efficient sources (from incandescent and old fluorescent to Super T8, CFL, LED, CMH, HIR – display only) • Add Lighting Controls (Occupancy, photo, dimmer, timers) • Improve Operation and Control of HVAC • Boiler/Furnace tune-up • Programmable Thermostat • Radiator valves • Zoned HVAC • Upgrade Envelope (sealing, insulate, window treatments) • Upgrade HVAC and Appliances

38. Recommended ECRMs-Restaurant • Kitchen Energy Management • Reduce Idle • Refrigeration • Plastic strip doors • High efficiency fan motors • Floating heat pressure • Modulated Kitchen Ventilation -- Demand Control • Low Flow Pre-Rinse Sprayer Green Strategies - Carroon

39. Lighting & Controls • Occupancy • Photo • Dimming • Timers Green Strategies - Carroon

40. Improved Operation and Control -HVAC • Heater tune-up, • Programmable T-stat, • Radiator valves, • Zoned HVAC • Free cooling Green Strategies - Carroon

41. Equipment Replacement Heating, Ventilating, & Air-Conditioning: Sealed combustion high efficiency boilers and furnaces 92%+. High SEER/EER Air-Conditioning units, SEER15+, EER11.5+. Geothermal heat pumps. Ventilation heat recovery systems. Demand control ventilation, or scheduled ventilation. Green Strategies - Carroon

42. Upgrade Equipment • Replace inefficient appliances can save a lot of energy with a favorable return on investment. • Replacing refrigerators with ENERGY STAR® rated units can sometimes save over $100 per year. • New washers can save both energy and water—how much depends on patterns of use and the characteristics of the old versus new unit. Green Strategies - Carroon

43. Setting Priorities • Needs • Technically Appropriate • Biggest Energy Users • Biggest Energy Costs • Work from End Use Back to Central Plant • Capital for Down Payment • Rolling Quick Savings into Long Term Investments Green Strategies - Carroon

44. Upgrade Envelope Building Envelopes (beyond code): Increased insulation levels. Infiltration air sealing and duct sealing. Better windows (Double Pane, Low-E, U-values 0.4 or less). Green Strategies - Carroon

45. Replacing Windows? • Conventional wisdom may say yes. • Generally, you can find a number of other energy efficiency measures that are more important and cost effective to deal with first. • Sometimes windows need to be replaced: • Repair current windows • Add an interior pane • Use appropriate storms • Interior treatments for efficiency (blinds, shades, and curtains) Green Strategies - Carroon

46. Window Treatments Green Strategies - Carroon

47. Window Treatments New Technologies Green Strategies - Carroon

48. Daylight & Density Before After Barker Center For the Humanities Harvard University, Cambridge, MA June 4, 2009 Green Strategies - Carroon Slide: Jean Carroon, Goody Clancy

49. Data - Historic Federal Buildings - 1999 The utility costs for historic federal buildings were 27% less than non-historic. Overall, the operating costs per rentable square foot for historic buildings were 10 percent less than non-historic buildings. The cleaning costs were 9 percent less. The maintenance costs were 10 percent less. Financing Historic Federal Buildings; An Analysis of Current Practice GSA Draft Report May 1999

50. Learning from the PastMinimum Energy Performance: Building constructed with high ceilings operable windows & awnings Awnings deteriorate & are removed Additional lighting adds heat to the building -stressing A/C system Building heats up in warm months Poor lighting & ventilation due to lowered ceilings and lost transoms. A/C Installed with lowered ceilings & new fixed windows POOR energy performer Slide by: Elaine Gallagher Adams, AIA, LEED Rocky Mountain Institute