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Respiratory System

Functions. Obtain O2 and remove CO2Filter and trap incoming particlesControl temperature and water content of incoming air.Produce vocal soundsHelp to regulate blood pH. Structures. Nose, nasal cavity and sinusesPharynxLarynxTracheaBronchial treeLungs. Nose, Nasal Cavity and Sinuses. Hairs

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Respiratory System

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    1. Respiratory System Chapter 16

    2. Functions Obtain O2 and remove CO2 Filter and trap incoming particles Control temperature and water content of incoming air. Produce vocal sounds Help to regulate blood pH

    3. Structures Nose, nasal cavity and sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs

    4. Nose, Nasal Cavity and Sinuses Hairs filter air Mucus Membranes moisten air Capillaries warm air Nasal sinuses affect vocal sound and reduce weight of skull

    5. Nasal conchae bones that divide the nasal cavity, support the mucus membrane and increase surface area (superior, middle, inferior) * deviated septum when the septum bends to one side

    8. Larynx Contains vocal cords Vibration of cords makes sound. Glottis is slit-like opening between vocal cords. Epiglottis is flap to cover windpipe when swallowing food. Adams apple thyroid cartilage

    10. Trachea Cartilage C-rings give support. Ciliated mucous (pseudostratified epithelial) tissue filters air Endotracheal Tube: tube inserted into trachea to restore air passageway (video) Tracheotomy: surgical opening of trachea

    11. Bronchial Tree Branched airways leading from trachea to alveolar sacs. Divisions of tree: - Bronchi (1, 2, 3) - Bronchioles - Alveolar sacs Disorders: Asthma muscular constriction of airways Bronchitis inflammation of mucosal lining

    12. Lungs Soft, spongy organs 3 right lobes, 2 left lobes Visceral pleura and parietal pleura line surface of lungs creating potential space = pleural cavity. Pleural cavity contains serous fluid to reduce friction between layers.

    14. Pneumothorax air enters pleural cavity collapsing lung

    15. Alveoli Site of gas exchange Increases surface area Respiratory membrane consists of 3 layers: A alveolar membrane B basement membrane C capillary membrane Surfactant substance released from epithelium to reduce surface tension (cohesive forces between water molecules) inside open air sacs.

    18. Mechanics of Breathing Air flows into and out of the lungs due to a pressure gradient, between the atmospheric pressure and the pressure inside the lungs. Air moves from high to low pressure

    21. NON RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS Coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying Hiccup - spasm of the diaphragm Yawn - possibly causes by low oxygen levels

    22. Regulation and Control 2 regions control breathing: medulla and pons Rhythmicity area of medulla: a. dorsal region basic rhythm, quiet breathing b. ventral region forceful breathing Pneumotaxic area of pons: modifies the breathing pace Problems: Apnea and SIDS - disruption of normal respiratory reflex pattern

    23. Factors that Affect Breathing Chemical changes carbon dioxide and H+ ions (exercise, holding breath) Inflation reflex stretching of lung tissue Emotional upset, fear, and pain, hyperventilation Surfactant amounts Airway resistance

    24. How much can we breathe in or out in one breath? Measuring Lung Volume Average pair of human lungs can hold 6 Liters of air.

    25. Why do Pulmonary Function Tests need to be performed? * Measures lung function and can assess conditions like asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, & COPD. 2. How is lung volume measured? * Using a SPIROMETER

    26. Lung Capacities During normal breathing (at rest), approx. 500ml of air is exchanged = TIDAL VOLUME (TV) Maximum forced inhalation amount = INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV) Maximum forced exhalation = EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV) Air that never leaves lungs = RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV) *keeps alveoli open, approx. 1200mL) The passageways that retain air that never reaches alveoli = Anatomic Dead space (approximately 150ml) Maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation = VITAL CAPACITY (VC)

    28. What factors can attribute to a large lung capacity? * Your lungs dont increase in tissue or size after adulthood, it is lung ability and cardiovascular fitness that makes the difference. Gender: males have larger lungs on average Athletes: endurance increases Height: taller people have larger organs Hobbies: wind instruments Habits: non-smokers Environment: people living at high altitudes atm Age: younger vs. older Health: sicknesses decrease VC

    29. Breathing Physiology

    30. Gas Exchange at the Alveoli Gases move by diffusion. Each gas has its own partial pressure.

    31. Other chemicals can cross the respiratory membrane for Breath Analysis. ex: alcohol and diabetes (acetone)

    32. Factors that Affect Gas Diffusion Surface area Distance across membranes Change in partial pressure ***Diseases can affect all factors above! 1. pneumonia increase distance 2. emphysema decrease surface area

    33. Oxygen Transport Most oxygen combines with iron in hemoglobin to form OXYHEMOGLOBIN. Unstable bonds so diffusion is easy.

    34. More oxygen is released if: 1. Carbon dioxide increases in blood. 2. Blood pH decreases 3. Blood temperature rises **all this happens during exercise!

    35. Hypoxia deficiency of oxygen reaching tissues, cyanosis usually occurs. Hypoxia has several potential causes, including: cardiac arrest, severe head trauma, suffocation, strangulation, and choking, as well as any instance in which oxygen supply is deprived from the body. Carbon Monoxide poisoning RBCs have a greater attraction to carry CO instead of oxygen. Hypoxia would occur. If not enough oxygen is being taken in

    36. Carbon Dioxide transport 3 Methods of Transport: 1. Dissolved into plasma 2. Form CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN 3. Form as a BICARBONATE ION a. CO2 reacts with H2O to form carbonic acid. (H2CO3) b. Enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds up reaction. c. H2CO3 releases H+ to make HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) which will travel in plasma to lungs. d. Reaction is reversed when at the lungs.

    39. SMOKING IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF COPD & EMPHYSEMA

    41. Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs. Bronchitis may be short-lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that it lasts a long time and often recurs.

    43. What is sleep apnea? Pause or slowing of breathing during sleep Video on Sleep Apnea

    44. ALTITUDE SICKNESS Acute mountain sickness is brought on by the combination of reduced air pressure and lower oxygen concentration that occur at high altitudes. Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening, and can affect the nervous system, lungs, muscles, and heart. HAPE High Altitude Pulmonary Edema is an abnormal build up of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, which leads to shortness of breath.

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