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Operant Conditioning. What is it?How does it differ from Classical Conditioning?Major conceptsOperant Behaviors
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1. Chapter 6 Introduction to
Operant Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning What is it?
How does it differ from Classical Conditioning?
Major concepts
Operant Behaviors behaviors that are influenced by their consequences
Operant Conditioning the effects of those consequences on behavior
3. Historical Background Edwin L. Thorndike, 1898
Interest in animal intelligence
Believed in systematic investigation
Formulated the Law of Effect:
Behaviors that lead to a satisfactory state of affairs are strengthened or stamped in
Behaviors that lead to an unsatisfactory or annoying state of affairs are weakened or stamped out
4. Skinner Learning by consequences
Skinner box allowed new ways to learn
free operant vs. maze
Rat freely controls its response rate unlike in the maze where experimenter has to start the rat
The nature of behavior Skinners view changed
Reflexes no longer enough 2 classes of behavior
Respondent behavior involuntary, reflexive
Operant behavior voluntary, consequence based
Operant Conditioning is A type of conditioning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences
5. Operant Behavior A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences; these consequences, in turn, affect the future probability of strength of those responses.
emit implies voluntary rather than reflexive
Operant behavior is defined as a class of responses why is this useful?
6. What is a reinforcer?
To be a reinforcer, a stimulus has to do two things:
Follow a behavior
Increase the future probability of that behavior
7. What is a punisher?
To be a punisher, a behavior must do two things:
Follow a behavior
Decrease the future probability of that behavior
8. These terms are defined FUNCTIONALLY!! This is one of the most important aspects of Operant Conditioning to understand!
9. Operant Antecedents Discriminitive Stimulus
A stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced (or punished) and in the absence of which they are not reinforced (or punished)
In other words, a discriminitive stimulus is a signal that indicates that a response will be followed by a reinforcer (or punisher)
Think of some examples!
10. Four types of Contingencies Reinforcement
Positive
+ (presentation/add)
Something liked
Increases R
Negative
- (removal/subtract)
Something disliked
Increases R Punishment
Positive
+ (presentation/add)
Something disliked
Decreases R
Negative
- (removal/subtract)
Something liked
Decreases R
11. Lets think of some examples of both!
12. Positive Reinforcement Further Distinctions Immediate vs. Delayed Reinforcement
The more immediate the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behavior
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Primary reinforcers are innately reinforcing
Secondary reinforcers are learned by being associated with some other reinforcer
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement
Intrinsic performing the behavior is reinforcing
Extrinsic reinforcement comes from a consequence external to the behavior
13. How do we learn complex behaviors? Heres a problem:
If you cant reinforce a behavior until it occurs, how can you teach a complex behavior using operant conditioning???
14. Answer:You must use shaping!
Shaping is a gradual creation of a new operant behavior through reinforcment of successive approximations to that behavior (which means behaviors that get closer and closer to the goal behavior)
15. Lets think of some examples!