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Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Phytochemicals in Cranberries. By Thais De Nardo Maria Fernanda Polit Kimberly Steffen FST 694 – Phytochemicals in Fruits and Vegetables November 8 th , 2007. Introduction. Cranberries are dwarf shrubs of the family Ericaceae, genus Vaccinium and subgenus Oxycoccus .

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Phytochemicals in Cranberries

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  1. Phytochemicals in Cranberries By Thais De Nardo Maria Fernanda Polit Kimberly Steffen FST 694 – Phytochemicals in Fruits and Vegetables November 8th, 2007

  2. Introduction Cranberries are dwarf shrubs of the family Ericaceae, genus Vaccinium andsubgenus Oxycoccus. There are four species of cranberry: • Vaccinium Oxycoccusor Oxycoccus palustris • Vaccinium microcarpum or Oxycoccus microcarpus • Vaccinium macrocarpon or Oxycoccus macrocarus • Vaccinium erythrocarpum or Orxycoccus erythrocarpus

  3. Introduction • Cranberries are shrubs of approximately 5 to 20 cm height and 2 m long. With wiry stems, not thickly woody and small evergreen leaves. The berry is initially white and turns in to a deep red when it is ripe. • Cranberries are harvested in the fall from late September into October.

  4. Phytochemicals in Cranberries Cranberries contain many phenolic compounds: • Anthocyanins • Flavonoids • Proanthocyanidins • Condensed tannins • Low molecular weight phenolic acids

  5. Phytochemicals Cranberries • Chen et al found that the major phenolic acid detected in Cranberries is Benzoic acid. • The study also found the presence of (+)-Catechin, p-anisic acid and myricetrin. Chen, 2001

  6. Phytochemicals in Cranberries Chen, 2001

  7. Phytochemicals in Cranberries • Vinson et al showed that cranberries have the highest content of total phenolics per serving by weight among 20 analyzed fruits (373mg of total phenols/55grams of cranberries). Vinson, 2001

  8. Phytochemicals in Cranberries • Cranberries were ranked in the same study #6 in overall antioxidant quality. Vinson, 2001

  9. Phytochemicals in Cranberries • Cranberries have a wide protective activity: • Prevention of adhesion of certain bacteria in urinary tract infections • May help against heart disease, cancer and other diseases.

  10. Phytochemicals in Cranberries These health benefits are probably the result of synergistic effects of all phytochemicals present in Cranberries.

  11. Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention

  12. Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention • Cancer is a generic name for more than 100 diseases that can affect all body parts. • Cancer occurs when cells become abnormal and start dividing rapidly, leading to the formation of more cells without control or order. • Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States

  13. Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention • Several epidemiological studies have proved that an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a decrease in the risk of cancer. • Recent studies show that not only antioxidant activity of cranberries contributes to the observed antitumor activities but also suggests that this anticancer activity may involve a variety of mechanisms

  14. Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention • In 2004 a UCLA (Neto, 2007) study showed that water soluble cranberry phenolic extracts inhibit proliferation of several human tumor lines: • 2 oral cancer cell lines (CAL27 and KB) • 4 colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, SW480, and SW620) • 3 prostate cancer cell lines (RWPE-1, RWPE-2, and 22Rv1)

  15. Quercetin in cranberries • Inhibits the growth of MCF human breast adenocarcinoma • HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma • K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell lines. • Mammary MCF-7 cells

  16. Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention • The studies shown that quercetin chemopreventive action includes: • induction of apoptosis • inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor expression and associated tyrosine kinase activity • reduced expression of Ras protein in colon cancer cells and primary colorectal tumors • increased expression of endogenous inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases • phytoestrogenic activity involving interaction with the estrogen a- and b-receptors of human

  17. Proanthocyaninds • Cranberry proanthocyanidins have been proved to inhibit: • ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) in epithelial cells • To selectively inhibit the growth of H460 human large cell lung carcinoma, HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma, and K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells

  18. Cranberry peel • The peel of cranberry fruit contains pentacyclic triterpenoid ursoli acid which has shown to inhibit growth of: • Several leukemia cell lines • A-549 human lung carcinoma • Tumor colony formation of HT-29 and HCT116 models of colon cancer. • Induces a high rate of apoptosis in MFC-7 breast tumor cell line, HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells and HT-29 colon cells

  19. Mechanisms for tumor inhibition:(in vitro studies) • Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells • Decreased invasion and metastasis as a result of the inhibition of MMPs • Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase expression • Activity and inhibition of inflammatory processes including cyclooxygenase (COX) activity

  20. Cranberry’s health effects on cardio vascular diseases

  21. Cranberries and CVD • Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in both men and women in most developed countries, including the United States (Chu, 2005)

  22. Causes of CVD • Increasing age • Gender • Heredity • Physical inactivity • Obesity • High blood pressure • High cholesterol • Stress • Tobacco • Alcohol • Diet

  23. Cardiovascular Health • According to recent studies, dietary modifications are suggested to be an effective strategy to prevent CVD. • The increase in intake of one daily serving of fruits and vegetables translates to a 4% reduced risk of CVD (Chu, 2005).

  24. Cranberry Flavanoids • Cranberries contain many flavonoids and phenolic acids which studies have shown to have potent antioxidant capacity. 1. Anthocyanins 2. Flavonols 3. Proanthocyanidins

  25. Antioxidant mechanisms of Flavonoids • Direct radical scavenging • Down-regulation of radical production • Elimination of radical precursors, such as hydrogen peroxide. • Metal chelation • Inhibition of xanthine oxidase • Elevation of endogenous antioxidants

  26. Cranberries and CVD • Cranberries have shown to have potent antioxidant activity in preventing low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation.

  27. Low Density Lipoproteins • Increased rate of LDL in intima initiates an inflammatory response causing oxidation. • Oxidation leads to leasions on the arteries, known as fatty streaks. • Oxidation of human LDL is involved with development of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries, leading to heart attacks and strokes.

  28. How can cranberries help? • Proanthocyanidins have shown the highest inhibitory effect on copper-induced oxidation of LDL (Reed, 2002). • Quercetin, a flavonol, is able to be rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream of humans, and has shown antioxidant effects in vitro. (Reed, 2002).

  29. How can cranberries help? • A study done by Chu et al (2005) showed that a single serving of cranberry juice was found to significantly increase plasma antioxidant levels up to 7 hours. • The study measured the inhibition of LDL oxidation by different concentrations of cranberry (Chu, 2005): • 1mg cranberry/ml→ 50.7% inhibition • 2.5mg cranberry/ml → 71.41% inhibtion • 5mg cranberry/ml → 94.7% inhibition • 10mg cranberry/ml → 100% inhibition

  30. LDL oxidation by Cranberries Chu, 2005

  31. How can cranberries help? • A study done by Porter et al (2001), looked at the actions of proanthocyanidins with inhibition of copper induced LDL oxidation in vitro. • Study looked at 6 different fractions: • Fraction 2 → hydroxycinnamic acid and anthocyanins • Fraction 3 → flavonols • Fraction 4 → flavonols and few low molecular weight proanthocyanidins • Fraction 5 and 6 → proanthocyanidins

  32. Effect of cranberry flavonoids on lag time of copper induced LDL oxidation proanthocyanidins proanthocyanidins Porter, 2001

  33. How can cranberries help? • A study done by Ruel et al (2005) looked at the health benefits of drinking cranberry juice (Ocean Spray’s Light Cranberry Juice Cocktail) at a daily dose of 7ml/kg of body weight for 14 consecutive days.

  34. How can cranberries help? Plasma antioxidant capacity before (white) and after (black) 14 day cranberry juice supplementation Oxidized LDL before (white) and after (black) 14 day cranberry juice supplementation Ruel, 2005

  35. In summary • LDL oxidation is responsible for heart attacks and strokes. • Flavonoids in cranberries have shown to have potent antioxidant activity. • Cranberries are not a required compound in human diet, however, a diet rich in cranberries could possibly help prevent CVD.

  36. Cranberries to prevent urinary tract infections Prevention as opposed to treatment.

  37. Urinary Tract • System responsible for making urine and carrying it out of the body • Includes: • Bladder • Kidneys • Connecting tubes

  38. How common are UTIs? http:// tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:DTo9nUs4saLLPM:http://www.regional.org.au/au/rrh/2001/011202_103-5.gif

  39. How common are UTIs? • One quarter of women will experience what is known as a UTI during their lifetime • Of these, another quarter will suffer recurrent infections.

  40. Treatment • Direct costs of treatments last year exceeded $1.6 billion. • Antibiotic therapy is typical: • Pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Proteus and Pseudomonas are fimbriated gram-negative rods, and the fimbriae attach the bacteria to epithelial cells. These pathogens account for nearly all UTIs; requiring antibiotic therapy.

  41. With treatment options hindered and expensive, cranberries, particularly in the form of cranberry juice, have been widely used for the prevention of UTIs. Cranberry has been associated with preventing UTIs for the last century. In recent years, physicians have begun to recommend daily intake of cranberry as a safe alternative to prevent UTIs. Cranberry juice, especially in the form of a juice cocktail drink with 27% cranberry, is the usual choice for UTI prevention. 100% cranberry juice is highly acidic and thereby diluted into palatable cocktail drinks.

  42. Cranberry juice is effective at preventing bacterial adherence instead of displacing the bacteria already attached to epithelial walls. • Cranberry juice causes loss of fimbriae and elongation of the bacterial cell wall.

  43. Evidence for the prevention of UTIs rather than treatment, exists in studies done over a 12-month period in women, citing two controlled, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiments. • Yet, no evidence exists that cranberries will treat UTI once an infection is present.

  44. For infection (UTIs) to develop, bacteria wants to adhere to cells. Since the adherence of many bacteria species to cells is mediated by lectin-sugar interactions, foods high in lectins or carbohydrates may affect the infection process – cranberries.

  45. Problems • Potential problems arise when considering any phytochemical for prevention and/or treatment purposes.

  46. We are unable to tell who is most likely to benefit from long-term treatment with cranberries. • Nearly all studies done on cranberries have used different preparations and amounts of cranberry or cranberry extract. The optimal preparation and dose have yet to be determined. • Cranberry juice has a high oxalate content; there is a risk for precipitate urinary stone formation with regular use. • The success of cranberries as a preventive agent depends on the consumer. At present, cranberry is not available as a prescription.

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