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Decoding Hunger: Neural Pathways and Regulation of Food Intake

Explore the intricate mechanisms of hunger regulation in the brain and body, from CNS factors to peripheral signals, impacting food intake and metabolic balance. Unravel the complexities of appetite control, learning, and memory in relation to nutrition. Dive into the connection between addiction, reward systems, and psychiatric disorders in the context of food behavior.

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Decoding Hunger: Neural Pathways and Regulation of Food Intake

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  1. Text (Term 2) • Ch 12- Hunger • Ch 15- Addiction & Reward • Ch 10,11- Plasticity, Learning, Memory • Ch 17- Emotion, Stress • Ch 18- Psychiatric Disorders

  2. Hunger Food Intake (History): Central (CNS) factors and peripheral signals- Central (2-center m.): Lateral hypothalamus (LH) » aphagia Ventromedial hypoth. (VMH) » hyperphagia (satiety) Peripheral: Cannon & Washburn (1912) Stretch receptors – Humoral factors - Mayer (1953) - glucostatic VMH glucoreceptors (goldthioglucose) Epstein (1960) - VMH glucose Brobeck (1948) - thermoregulatory Kennedy (1953) - lipostatic Teitelbaum (1962) - set-point

  3. Food Intake - CNS & Peripheral Signals Brainstem: n. solitary tract (NTS) area postrema - glucose - glucagon (peptide); pancreas after sympath. stim; glycogen (carbohydrate) to glucose - insulin – (parasympath) glucose to glycogen (carbo) - glucoprivic (low blood sugar) - lipoprivic (low free-fatty acids) VMH: lesions » hyperphagia (mostly carbohydrates) » increase parasympathetic/ decrease sympathetic » decrease glucagon » increase insulin PVN (paraventricular n.): lesions » carbohydrates  » NE:  carbohydrates » 5-HT:  carbohydrates » Galanin:  fat

  4. Autonomic NS - food Sympathetic increased: a. Glucagon secreted from pancreas b. Stored glycogen (carbo) in liver to glucose in blood Parasympathetic increased: a. Insulin secretion higher b. Glucose in blood converted to glycogen (carbo) in liver

  5. Food Intake - CNS & Peripheral Signals continued LH: lesions » aphagia; adipsia NPY »  intake food glucoreceptors Rolls (1986): hunger motivation (drive) Amygdala: Selection Learning

  6. Eating Disorders Rodin (1989): cephalic-phase insulin response Zucker rat: hypothalamic NPY up but: anorexia NPY (icv) up 5-HT agonists (reuptake inhibitors): fenfluramine, Prozac, etc. Galanin antagonists - fat ICV insulin – intake reduced MIC-1 (cytokines) – intake reduced

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