Rise and Fall of Empires: Trade, Migration, and Conquest in History

1. Trade and Migration Mason White

2. People • Hernan Cortes • Spanish conquistador that overthrew the Aztec empire in 1521 by allying with local tribes who disliked the Aztecs for fighting wars and collecting tribute • Francisco Pizarro • Took over the Incan civilization after killing the ruler Atahualpa • Tupac Amaru • last Incan emperor, killed by Spaniards • Shah Abbas (1588-1629) • Leader of Iran, built up military, built new capital city in Isfahan, encouraged trade, invited Chinese potter • Also murdered competing religious leaders • Other ottoman leaders include (1512-20 and 1520-66) • Selim I (defeated Shi’a Safavid Empire and conqured more cities) • Suleiman I “the magnificent” (expanded into Europe)

3. People • Osman • Turkish leader whose victory established foundation of Ottoman Empire in northwest Anatolia • Mehmed II “The Conqueror” (1451- 81) • Conquered Constantinople in 1453, conquered the rest of Anatolia, and more. • Akbar (1556 – 1605) • Emperor of India at age 14, expanded territories more • Established impressive bureaucracy: down to local level • Allowed Hindus to participate in government to appease major Hindu majority • Revoked jizya, encouraged religious discussions • Encouraged the mixing of cultures • created Din-i-Ilahi or the “Divine Faith” • Charles V • Inherited the a lot of land, and went into war against the Ottoman Turkish Empire. In doing so he bankrupted Spain.

4. Terms • Gazis: Turksih warriors inspired by Islam to conquer territories and bring them under Dar al-Islam • Dar al-Islam: land under jurisdiction of Muslim rulers and law • Sufis: practices mystical forms of worship in Islam • Janissaries: the “elite” army of the Ottomans • Madrasas: Islamic religious schools of “higher education”

5. Terms • Capitalism: economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of the means of production and by private control over decisions on prices, production, and distribution of goods in a free, competitive market of supply and demand • Mercantilism: economic policy which aimed to strengthen an individual nation’s economic power at the expense of its rivals by stockpiling reserves of bullion, which involved government regulation of trade • Encomienda: Spanish rule allowing colonists to take tribute form certain number of natives living in the area • Repartimiento:Spanish rule allowing colonists to employ natives for forced labor • Mita: started under Incas. Rules that Natives must give a certain amount of hours of labor for public works projects • Hacienda: Large rural estate

6. Events • Columbian Exchange • Exchange (Plants, Animals, disease) • Diseases (e.g. smallpox, measles, etc…) kill 90% of natives because no immunity • Exchange of food sources • Sweet potatoes to China from South America • Cassava to Africa and Asia from South America • Exchange of animals like cattle, sheep, pig, etc…

7. Events • In early 1700s West Europe changed from a mercantilist society to a capitalist society • Economic and political interests reinforced one another • Spanish conquistadors • Colonized Americas for resources (gold, land, etc…). Destroyed the Aztec and Incan civilization by allying with natives • Spanish colonizers used forced labors such as the encomienda system. • Merchants from other countries benefited from mines because Spanish lack ships to carry resources back • Portuguese • Sail around Africa and the Cape of Good Hope, but rarely ventured inland • Colonized Angolia

8. Events • Portuguese • 1500: claim Brazil • Brazil became large sugar plantation • Found gold and diamonds in mountains of Brazil • Became in debt to Britain when gold ran out • Portuguese took over the Indian Ocean by using arms in a previously peaceful area . They made merchants pay for passage

9. Events • Slavery • Portuguese and European ships received slaves from Africa, and used them in plantations in their colonies • Plantations reach high point in early 1700s • Cheaper to work slaves to death then to take care of them • Slaves = wealth • Businessmen in Africa sold slaves • What would have happened had strong, healthy people stayed in Africa? • foods from the Americas became staple foods in Africa

10. Events • Ottoman Empire • At its height in 1600 • Founded by Osman • Captured and rebuilt Constantinople • Under new rulers the Ottomans expand territory • Ottoman Empire fell far behind Europeans and Russians economically and Militarily • India: The Mughal Empire • Babur invades and conquers India – his son Humayun is defeated in battle, driven out, then fights his way back to throne – his son Akbar takes throne at 14 • Akbar is best ruler of India (see description under people) • Safavid Persia • Mongols/Turks invade Persia • Turks and Mongols adapt to Persian ways • After Shah Abbas, Iran disintegrated.