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The Holocaust

“Sacrificed by fire”. The Holocaust. Entrance to Birkenau Concentration Camp. Early Persecution.

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The Holocaust

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  1. “Sacrificed by fire” The Holocaust Entrance to Birkenau Concentration Camp.

  2. Early Persecution

  3. Jewish lawyers line up to apply for permission to appear before the Berlin courts. New regulations set forth in the Aryan Paragraph (a series of laws enacted in April 1933 to purge Jews from various spheres of state and society) allowed only 35 to appear before the court. Berlin, Germany, April 11, 1933. Chart illustrating the Nuremberg laws. The figures represent Germans, Jews, and Mischlinge. Germany, 1935.

  4. Passports issued to a German Jewish couple, with "J" for "Jude" stamped on the cards. Karlsruhe, Germany, December 29, 1938. "Aryanization" of Jewish-owned businesses: a formerly Jewish-owned store (Gummi Weil) expropriated and transferred to non-Jewish ownership (Stamm and Bassermann). Frankfurt, Germany, 1938.

  5. Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass”

  6. Germans pass by the broken shop window of a Jewish-owned business that was destroyed during Kristallnacht in Berlin, Germany.

  7. Early Concentration Camps

  8. Arrival of political prisoners at the Oranienburg concentration camp. Oranienburg, Germany, 1933.

  9. Roll call for newly arrived prisoners, mostly Jews arrested during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"), at the Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, Germany, 1938.

  10. Many of the early concentration camps were improvised. Here, roll call is held for political prisoners aboard a ship used as a floating concentration camp. Ochstumsand camp, near Bremen, Germany, 1933 or 1934.

  11. Euthanasia Program

  12. Buses used to transport patients to Hadamar euthanasia center. The windows were painted to prevent people from seeing those inside. Germany, between May and September 1941. A victim of the Nazi Euthanasia Program: hospitalized in a psychiatric ward for her nonconformist beliefs and writings, she was murdered on January 26, 1944. Germany, date uncertain.

  13. This image originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It is captioned: "A moral and religious conception of life demands the prevention of hereditarily ill offspring." Nazi propaganda aimed to create public support for the compulsory sterilization effort.

  14. Slide taken from a Nazi propaganda filmstrip, promoting "euthanasia," prepared for the Hitler Youth. The caption says: "Mentally ill Negro (English) 16 years in an institution costing 35,000 RM [Reichsmarks]." Place and date uncertain.

  15. This image originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It shows patients in an unidentified asylum. Their existence is described as "life without hope." The Nazis sought, through propaganda, to develop public sympathy for the Euthanasia Program.

  16. Smoke rising from the chimney at Hadamar, one of six facilities which carried out the Nazis' Euthanasia Program. Hadamar, Germany, probably 1941.

  17. Ghettos

  18. Deportation of Jews from Hanau, near Frankfurt am Main, to the Theresienstadt ghetto. Hanau, Germany, May 30, 1942.

  19. A sign, in both German and Latvian, warning that people attempting to cross the fence or to contact inhabitants of the Riga ghetto will be shot. Riga, Latvia, 1941-1943.

  20. 450,000 Jews lived in the Warsaw Ghetto alone, approx. the population of Portland. They were all confined in an area smaller than the square mileage of Woodburn. By the end of the war, the Warsaw Ghetto had a population of only 36,000.

  21. Child forced laborer in a ghetto factory. Kovno, Lithuania, between 1941 and 1944.

  22. Children eating in the ghetto streets. Warsaw, Poland, between 1940 and 1943. Dead man lying in the street in the Warsaw ghetto, probably dead of starvation

  23. Vendor of bread in the Warsaw ghetto. This photograph was probably taken in 1941. By then, hunger was so relentless that the bread had to be protected by a cage so that it would not be stolen. (Courtesy Dr. B. Wisniewski)

  24. Resistance Video 1 Video 2

  25. Jewish resistance fighters captured by SS troops during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.

  26. SS and Police Leader Juergen Stroop interrogates two Jews arrested during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.

  27. Jewish homes in flames after the Nazis set residential buildings on fire in an effort to force Jews out of hiding during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.

  28. Jewish partisans, survivors of the Warsaw ghetto uprising, at a family camp in Wyszkow forest. Poland, 1944.

  29. Einzatsgruppen

  30. Roundup of the Jews of Lubny, shortly before they were massacred by Einsatzgruppe detachments. This photo, originally in color, was part of a series taken by a German military photographer. Copies from this collection were later used as evidence in war crimes trials. Lubny, Soviet Union, October 16, 1941.

  31. Members of an Einsatzkommando (mobile killing squad) before shooting a Jewish youth. The boy's murdered family lies in front of him; the men to the left are ethnic Germans aiding the squad. Slarow, Soviet Union, July 4, 1941.

  32. Ukrainian Jews who were forced to undress before they were massacred by Einsatzgruppe detachments. This photo, originally in color, was part of a series taken by a German military photographer. Copies from this collection were later used as evidence in war crimes trials. Lubny, Soviet Union, October 16, 1941.

  33. The Final Solution: Concentration and Extermination Camps

  34. SS chief Heinrich Himmler leads an inspection of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Austria, April 27, 1941.

  35. Prisoners at forced labor in the Siemens factory. Auschwitz camp, Poland, 1940-1944. Forced labor in the quarry of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Austria, date uncertain.

  36. Prisoners at forced labor in the brick factory at Neuengamme concentration camp. Germany, date uncertain. Concentration camp survivors recreating a picture of what it was like for sleeping quarters.

  37. Smokestacks from a concentration camp crematorium.

  38. Hairbrushes

  39. Entryway of Auschwitz gas chambers.

  40. Ovens at Auschwitz

  41. Death Marches

  42. Prisoners on a death march from Dachau move towards the south along the Noerdliche Muenchner street in Gruenwald. April 29th, 1945.

  43. A view of the death march from Dachau passing through villages in the direction of Wolfratshausen. German civilians secretly photographed several death marches from the Dachau concentration camp as the prisoners moved slowly through the Bavarian towns of Gruenwald, Wolfratshausen, and Herbertshausen. Few civilians gave aid to the prisoners on the death marches. Germany, April 1945.

  44. A view of a death march from Dachau. Germany, April 29, 1945.

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