Investigating in Indigenous Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation Mechanism in Wollo An Explanation of Abegar from Afri

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International Journal of Trend in International Open International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Research and Development (IJTSRD) www.ijtsrd.com ISSN No: 2456 ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov Nov – Dec 2018 Investigating in Indigenous Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation Mechanism in Wollo: Solutions (Afsol) Perspective Solutions (Afsol) Perspective Mulugeta Tesfaye Teshome Wollo University, Program of Peace and Development Studies, Investigating in Indigenous Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation Investigating in Indigenous Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation : An Explanation of Abegar from African An Explanation of Abegar from African Lecturer, Wollo University, , Ethiopia ABSTRACT This article introduced the audience about the most known indigenous conflict resolution mechanism in North East Ethiopia called the "Abegar System". “Abegar” is widly practiced in Amhara Region. The Abegar aims at the restoration of order of the community. Reconciliation is its necessary objective for the restoration of social cohesion community in general and of social relationships between conflicting parties in particular. This study is a descriptive in its purpose and case study in its methodological approach. Primary and secondary data are collected for this study. The researcher contributes to create awareness about the issue at hand for concerned body and promote the use of indigenous knowledge as an alternative conflict resolution. The study explored cultural values that contribute to peaceful coexistence, political stability and economic development of the above mentioned community. KEYWORDS: Indigenous, Reconciliation, Wollo INTRODUCTION distorted usage of the term has been so systematic and persistent that many people subconsciously came to associate «indigenous / [local] » with «inferior». Regrettably, that dangerous association appears to have influenced our attitudes, our life styles and, more importantly, our choice of development techniques, policies, models, and strategies. policies, models, and strategies. This article introduced the audience about the most known indigenous conflict resolution mechanism in th East Ethiopia called the "Abegar System". “Abegar” is widly practiced in Amhara Region. The distorted usage of the term has been so systematic and persistent that many people subconsciously came to associate «indigenous / [local] » with «inferior». Regrettably, that dangerous association appears to itudes, our life styles and, more importantly, our choice of development techniques, order and harmony Reconciliation is its necessary objective for the restoration of social cohesion of the community in general and of social relationships between conflicting parties in particular. This study is a descriptive in its purpose and case study in its methodological approach. Primary and secondary data Paul Collier (2007a), suggest that developing states ake context as a starting point to understand Paul Collier (2007a), suggest that developing states should take context as a starting point to understand the local limits and capacity. local/ indigenous values should solution to solve local problems makers in Africa tried to adopt solutions from foreign countries for many years (Babatunde 2014). On the contrary some African scholars on the need for framing, situating and elevating the discourse on indigenous values to meet pressing security challenges; and by so doing people can mobilize appropriate and timely solutions. mobilize appropriate and timely solutions. . It is equivalent to mean should be considered as rcher contributes solution to solve local problems. Leaders and policy makers in Africa tried to adopt solutions from foreign to create awareness about the issue at hand for concerned body and promote the use of indigenous knowledge as an alternative conflict resolution. The study explored cultural values that contribute to Babatunde, & Mujidat, ome African scholars insisted framing, situating and elevating the discourse on indigenous values to meet pressing challenges; and by so doing the third world ity and economic development of the above mentioned community. Indigenous, conflict conflict Resolution, Resolution, For many centuries like knowledge have utilized and practiced in the way that helped the society to exist. These Values are embedded in the culture of the community and are used as first hand solutions to solve their problems. But in the modern Ethiopian history foreign solutions were favored instead of domestic solutions ( 2011). Despite a long period of this practice, Ethiopia is still facing a number of social, cultural and political problems. Ethiopian, indigenous have utilized and practiced in the way that helped the society to exist. These Values are embedded in the culture of the community and are used as first hand solutions to solve their problems. ian history foreign solutions were favored instead of domestic solutions (Assefa, ). Despite a long period of this practice, Ethiopia is still facing a number of social, cultural and political The term «indigenous» means local or native to the country, the people or the society concerned (Mervyn, 2010). Base on this definition, in this work we can interchangeably use the term “local” and “indigenous” to man home grown or popular in the local community. According to Mervyn (2010), shortly after the beginning of the European colonial adventure, that term gradually assumed a derogatory connotation. In the course of time, it came to be applied exclusively to non-European peoples and [their values], who were, and to some extent, still are considered inferior to those of the Western. That The term «indigenous» means local or native to the people or the society concerned (Mervyn, 2010). Base on this definition, in this work we can interchangeably use the term “local” and “indigenous” to man home grown or popular in the local community. According to Mervyn (2010), shortly of the European colonial adventure, that term gradually assumed a derogatory connotation. In the course of time, it came to be Man works are done on the contribution of indigenous conflict resolution mechanism and and values for being a solution to peace and security problems in Babatunde, Mujidat (2014); Kofi Man works are done on the contribution of conflict resolution mechanism and being a solution to peace and security problems in Africa. For example Babatunde, Mujidat (2014); Kofi Gbolonyo (2009); Abegunrin (2009); Gbolonyo (2009); Abegunrin (2009); Apuuli (2011); European peoples and [their values], who were, and to some extent, still are ose of the Western. That @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec Dec 2018 Page: 145

2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 Laurie (2013) and George (2010) are some of scholars that study local indigenous and values and their place in conflict resolution. In Ethiopia the Oromo cultural values particularly Gadaa system and its values are the most explored indigenous institution in Ethiopia from different perspective. Asamrom, 1973; Lemmu, 1994; Asafa, 2011; Dirribi, 2011; and Tena, 2013 are some of them. cultural values are less explored issues. previous works done in the Wollo focused on the issue of religious tolerance and cultural (Rukya, 2016), conflict resolution mechanisms and the role of traditional institutions like Mesal and sheks (Yasin, 2006; Hassen, 2016 2011). But the present researcher indigenous value of Wollo as alternative solution to solve the prevailing particularly Abegar. are some of the Ethiopia. But, they have been unable to bring the intended change despite their procedural expediency Ethiopia. But, they have been unable to bring the intended change despite their procedural expediency and philosophical purity. Volker Boege argued that societies recovering violent conflict need both legal and restorative approaches, addressing different levels and dimensions of truth and justice (Boege, 2006). Many authors suggesting that retributive justice should be complemented with restorative justice. Although this kind of ICRM are important in cases of large violations such as in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda or Sierra Leone which is impossible to prosecute everyone, there are some ICRM that are designed to use for micro level conflicts. This essay introduced the audience the most known indigenous conflict resolution mechanism in North East Ethiopia called the "Abegar is widlypracticed in northern south Wollo Zone, [Oromiya especial Zone of Amhara Region](). The personals are called always care about the security of the society. teach about peace and love for the people; and they pray for the good of the society. They are considered as the father of peace, the ears and eye of God. In the northern and northern part of Sothern Wollo nobody object the rule of Abegars. Everybody is subject to Abegar rule and the rule is strictly respected if not he/she will be sanctioned by the society. In addition people think that if somebody disappointed god will curse the people. For these reasons no one object the proposal of abegar. They are supposed to be fair. For wollo people reconciliation is the virtues act. Abegars, are usually found effective in resol violent and hidden conflicts, restoration of disputants' relationships, , marriage and divorse, stilling, preventing future revenge actions and ensuring peace and security of the local community. As Volker Boege cited in his work “Traditional Approach Conflict Transformation — Boraine strongly advocates a holistic interpretation of ICRM based on five key pillars, including accountability, truth recovery, reparations and reconciliation (Boege, 2006). This important pillars o ICRM gives Abegar system acceptance in their community. Abegars has their Owen territory jurisdiction to adjudicate their law. For example in northern Wollo there are four well known Abegars Abegar there are four branches. Main there are four branches. Main Abegar, scholars that study local indigenous and values and their place in conflict resolution. In Ethiopia the Oromo cultural values particularly Gadaa system and its values are the most explored indigenous institution in Ethiopia from different perspective. For example Asamrom, 1973; Lemmu, 1994; Asafa, 2011; Dirribi, 2011; and Tena, 2013 are some of them. Many other cultural values are less explored issues. Most of the argued that societies recovering violent conflict need both legal and restorative approaches, addressing different levels and dimensions of truth and justice (Boege, 2006). Many authors suggesting that retributive justice should be complemented with rative justice. Although this kind of ICRM are important in cases of large-scale human rights violations such as in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda or Sierra Leone which is impossible to prosecute everyone, there are some ICRM that are designed to focused on the religious tolerance and cultural values (Rukya, 2016), conflict resolution mechanisms and the role of traditional institutions like shimgilina, Hassen, 2016; Assefa, explored the as alternative solution to socio-political political problems problems This essay introduced the audience the most known indigenous conflict resolution mechanism in North Abegar System". “Abegar” practiced in northern Wollo, northern part of Methods of the Study especial Zone of Amhara This study is a descriptive in its purpose and case study in its methodological approach. The case study is one type of qualitative research approach that facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using a variety of data sources. Descriptive case study research design provides the opportunity for intensive analysis of many specific details oft overlooked by other methods. The researcher used primary and secondary data. The primary data is collected through key informant interview. data were also collected from different sources like journals, brushers, proclamations, reports from the concerned bodies, court reports/documents, policy documents, and security Document review was also the most important data collection instrument. Different published and unpublished documents, journals, farmland conflict related workshop manuals, Brusher, maga other key documents which were necessary and related to the study objectives are reviewed to incorporate and enrich the findings of the study. incorporate and enrich the findings of the study. This study is a descriptive in its purpose and case study in its methodological approach. The case study Region](). The personals are called Abegars. Abegars always care about the security of the society. They teach about peace and love for the people; and they pray for the good of the society. They are considered eace, the ears and eye of God. In the northern and northern part of Sothern Wollo nobody of Abegars. Everybody is subject to rule and the rule is strictly respected if not he/she will be sanctioned by the society. In addition think that if somebody disappointed Abegar, god will curse the people. For these reasons no one object the proposal of abegar. They are supposed to be fair. For wollo people reconciliation is the virtues act. , are usually found effective in resolving violent and hidden conflicts, restoration of disputants' relationships, , marriage and divorse, stilling, preventing future revenge actions and ensuring peace and security of the local community. As Volker Boege cited in his work “Traditional Approaches to h approach that facilitates exploration of a phenomenon within its context using a variety of data sources. Descriptive case study research design provides the opportunity for intensive analysis of many specific details often he researcher used data. The primary data is collected through key informant interview. Secondary data were also collected from different sources like proclamations, reports from the reports/documents, policy security documents, Document review was also the most important data collection instrument. Different published and unpublished documents, journals, farmland conflict related workshop manuals, Brusher, magazines and other key documents which were necessary and related to the study objectives are reviewed to and offices’ offices’ documents. documents. Potentials and Limits” strongly advocates a holistic interpretation of ICRM based on five key pillars, including accountability, truth recovery, reparations and reconciliation (Boege, 2006). This important pillars of system acceptance in their Result and Discussion A number of socio-political problems have continued to threatened peaceful co-existence of people across countries on the continent of Africa more than any other continent in the world (Babatunde, Mujidat (2014). Ethiopia, as part of the continent, shares the same fate. The western model solutions have tried to tackle several socio-political problems in different time by different regimes of African as well as time by different regimes of African as well as political problems have continued stence of people across countries on the continent of Africa more than any other continent in the world (Babatunde, Mujidat (2014). Ethiopia, as part of the continent, shares the same fate. The western model solutions have tried to itical problems in different has their Owen territory jurisdiction to adjudicate their law. For example in northern Wollo Abegars. In a council of @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec Dec 2018 Page: 146

3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 secretariat, Dereta (executive/ messenger Kadami (servants). Abegas may use mosque, shadow of big tree and green field. This is because of symbolization of purity, justice and truth. This helps the negotiation process and trust worthiness. Let, if the person commit a crime the perpetrator went to the house of the Abegar. Or the family of the murderer beg the Abegars for mediation to stop any other death for revenge. The processes is began with by putting parties together. The call for negotiation done for three time with greater patience and understanding the emotion of victim’s family. The executive (dereta calling to the victim’s family. It is symbolically done by pivoting a spire on the get of the victim’s family. If the family accept the call they put butter on the spire of the dereta. In return, it is believed that they get blessing from the Abegar sprite. Abegars sitting arrangement too. The Abegars place in the middle of the victim family and the perpetrators family. It is to symbolize there authority and charisma. On the right victim and perpetrators set to the left to symbolize the bad their shame and their badness. The preparatory family up to three generation needs to demonize themselves. All of the family of perpetrator needs to ware old close, they carry a stone until the family of the victim willing to forgive the perpetrator family. It is to control and reduce the emotional feeling of the victim’s family. The audience pray and murmur and even beg for mercy. In this arrangement the negotiation continued. Conflict is perceived as an unwelcome disturbance of the relationships within the community. Hence , the Abegar aims at the restoration of order of the community. It is thus geared towards the future. Reconciliation is necessary for the restoration of social harmony of the community in general and of social relationships between conflicting parties in particular. The punishment of Abegar rule is different as the intention of the perpetrator. For example if the perpetrator kill the person punishment became strong. The action is called dem/ black blood/. While unintentional murder is called key idem /red blood/. For unintentional act the punishment is considerate. For this act the blood money is half of tikur dem. Only once a consensus about the facts and the has been achieved, perpetrators apologies forgiveness, and victims can accept the messenger) and mosque, shadow forgive. Most of the time blood money is given to the forgive. Most of the time blood money is given to the victims in the festivity. The importance of this compensation lies in the transformation of reciprocity: the reciprocity of revenge, which is a decisive characteristic of traditional conflicts and which leads into vicious circles of violence, is replaced by the reciprocity of gifts. Conflicts are settled by compensation of a symbolically equivalent amount. After the victim’s family became willing to accept negotiation they eat together in one dish and concluded by blessing of the Abegar Reference The importance of this of big tree and green field. This is because of symbolization of purity, justice and truth. This helps the negotiation process and trust worthiness. Let, if he person commit a crime the perpetrator went to the . Or the family of the murderer for mediation to stop any other death compensation lies in the transformation of reciprocity: the reciprocity of revenge, which is a decisive characteristic of traditional conflicts and which leads into vicious circles of violence, is replaced by the s. Conflicts are settled by compensation of a symbolically equivalent amount. After the victim’s family became willing to accept negotiation they eat together in one dish and The processes is began with by putting parties Abegar. e for three time with greater patience and understanding the emotion dereta) went for 1)Abegunrin (2009). Africa in global twenty-first perspective. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan. Africa in global politics in the calling to the victim’s family. It is symbolically done by pivoting a spire on the get of the victim’s family. If call they put butter on the spire . In return, it is believed that they get first century: century: a a pan pan-African 2)Babatunde, Mojica (2014). The Place of Indigenous Proverbs in Peace Education in Nigeria: Implications Curriculum. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 2 [Special Issue January 2014]. Babatunde, Mojica (2014). 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4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 10)Dewo, Tena (2013). The Concept of Peace in the Oromo Gadaa System: Its Mechanisms and Moral Dimension. Publication S.C. Vol. 15. Dewo, Tena (2013). The Concept of Peace in the Oromo Gadaa System: Its Mechanisms and Functions it Serve for the Muslim Community of Wollo: An Ethnographic Approach. Science, J 7:190. doi:10.4172/2151 Science, J 7:190. doi:10.4172/2151-6200.1000190 rve for the Muslim Community of Wollo: An Ethnographic Approach. Arts Social Finfinne Finfinne Printing Printing and and 13)Volker Boege, 2006. Traditional Approaches to Conflict Transformation — Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management — . Traditional Approaches to — Potentials and Limits; Research Center for Constructive — First Launch Jul. 11)Yasin Mohammed Ali (2006).Traditional Conflict Resolution Mechanism in North East ISBN 10: 3846534412 / ISBN 13: 9783846534410 Traditional Conflict on Mechanism in North East Ethiopia. 9783846534410 12)Rukya Hassen (2016) The Distinctive Features of Menzuma as a Genre of its Own and the Rukya Hassen (2016) The Distinctive Features of a Genre of its Own and the @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec Dec 2018 Page: 148