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“The Road To War”. MIDDLE COLONIES. 4 - Fighting for Independence. British & American Strengths and Weaknesses Siege of Boston Bunker Hill “The Road to WAR”. + NAVY (LARGE) FACTORIES ENGINEERS NONCOMMISSION OFFICERS CENTRAL GOV’T WEALTH SUPPORT at Home. -
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4 - Fighting for Independence • British & American Strengths and Weaknesses • Siege of Boston • Bunker Hill • “The Road to WAR”
+ NAVY (LARGE) FACTORIES ENGINEERS NONCOMMISSION OFFICERS CENTRAL GOV’T WEALTH SUPPORT at Home - SHORT TROOPS (MERCENARIES) -Hessians 3,000 M ILES UNFAMILIAR GROUND SMOOTHBORE WEAPONS BRITISH
+ Idealistic “Cause” Familiar Ground Warfare Tactics Rifles - NO Navy NO Organized Military NO Central Gov’t NO Finances AMERICANS
May 1775- 2nd Continental Cong. • June (Washington - Commander) • Ethan Allen/Green Mtn. Boys • Fort Ticonderoga Henry Knox (cannons-Ticonderoga) • “`Battle of Bunker Hill” (Breed’s Hill) • John Burgoyne • Henry Clinton • William Howe (Redcoats)
Benedict Arnold (Quebec) • British Refuse “Peace” Petition • Olive Branch Petition • Thomas Paine - Common Sense • Patriots DeclareIndependence
Loyalists v. PATRIOTS • Tories (Reasons ) • Pacifists (Quakers ) • Self-Interest (Wealth & positions) • presence of British Troops • Loyalists Leave / Overestimated
NEW YORK: Aug. 22,1776 Landings Washington 20,000 many untrained Howe 32,000 (8,000 Hessians) - Long Island -White Plains -Retreats into New Jersey • TRENTON 12/24/76 “Delaware River” 1,400 Hessians captured (5 casualties) • PRINCETON 1/3/77 • “Patriot Moral Victories”
Gen. Burgoyne marches from Canada toward Albany 7,000 troops • takes Fort Ticonderoga -looses Hessian troops at the “Battle of Bennington” • Burgoyne’s troops “harrassed” all along the way • Battle of SARATOGA • Oct. 17,1777 surrenders to Gen. Horatio Gates(Turning Point) • - Feb. 1778 France recognizes U.S. - 1779 Spain / 1780 Netherlands
Aug. 25, 1776 Howe - Philadelphia • -Sept. Brandywine to stop British -Sept. 25 Philadelphia “British” -Oct. 4 Germantown • Monmouth- • “Valley Forge” -11,000 troops, little supplies • Friedrich von Steuben (Prussian) train american troops • Casimir Pulaski (Polish) Cavalry Unit
1778 - George Rogers Clark and his Virginia Volunteers travel Ohio River capture British Forts at: • at Vincennes • NOW they will claim the whole NORTHWEST TERRITORY
Fall 1778 British take Savannah • May 1780 Cornwallis/ Clinton take Charles Town (Capture 5,500 rebels) • Camden smashes American forces • “Guerrilla warfare” of rebels like: Francis Marion(swamp fox), Andrew Pickens and Thomas Sumter (slow down & buy time for help) • Kings Mtn (Bunker Hill in reverse) • Cowpens(Nathaniel Greene) • Guilford Court Cornwallis to Virginia (move to VA. - new troops & supplies)
By 1780, French had joined the war • Marquis de Lafayette “idea” -Combine armies & attack Cornwallis before he can be re-supplied • French Fleet attacks “Chesapeake Bay” (Cut-off British Army) • 8,000 French / 9,000 American troops • Oct. 19, 1781 Cornwallis Surrenders • YORKTOWN - • War is OVER