The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chapter 5

2. Chapter 5 Page 1: Macromolecules • Macromolecules are large molecules • Polymers are large molecules consisting of many repeating subunits of monomers • Monomers : repeating subunits used to build substances

3. Hydrolysis • Hydrolysis = • To disassemble a polymer the water is added and the molecule separates.

4. Condensation Synthesis • Condensation Synthesis = subunits are joined together by condensation synthesis; a molecule of water is removed to join them

5. Chapter 5 Page 2 : Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are sugars; many are polymers • Monosaccharides have the molecular formula C1 H2 O1 or some multiple thereof Ex C6 H12 O6 • Disaccharides consist of two monomers joined by a glycosidic linkage • Storage Polysaccharides ; Starch in plants, glycogen in animals- more structurally branched • Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose- major plant cell wall component

9. Chapter5 Page 3: Lipids • Lipids are more commonly known as fats • Lipids are non-polar molecules; they are not water soluble • They are hydrophobic • Lipids are important for energy storage • Fatty acids, Phospholipids, Steroids

15. Chapter 5 Page 5 : Proteins • Proteins account for more than 50% of cell dry wt • Protein Functions • Structural • Contractile • Storage • Defense • Transport • Signaling • Catalysts

16. Chapter 5 Page 6: Proteins • Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein • There are 20 amino acids, 9 are essential = must eat them we cannot synthesize • Polypeptides are many amino acids joined together • The function of a protein depends on its chemical structure and unique 3-D shape

21. Chapter 5 Page 8: Levels of Protein Structure • Primary Structure: Unique sequence of amino acids: sequence is determined by genetic material • Secondary Structure: coiling /folding as a result of hydrogen bonding • Tertiary Structure: 3-D shape due to bonding of R- groups • Quaternary Structure: association of 2 or more polypeptides; Ex HGB ; not all have this level

30. Chaperons/Chaperonins • What level of structure was being formed in the previous picture? • What predominantly holds this level together?

32. The “Blue Gene” Computer • IBM has a project • They hope to be able to take any amino acid sequence and produce a computer generation of the folded protein • Currently there are no computers powerful enough to do this

33. Chapter 5 Page : Denaturation • Denaturation means the protein structure is destroyed • Causes of denaturation include: • heat • pH • chemicals • Salt concentrations

35. Chapter 5 Page : Enzymes • Enzymes are proteins used to speed up chemical reactions = Catalysts • They are not consumed or converted in the reactions • In Ch 8 we will go into more detail

36. Chaapter5 Page : Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acids carry information • Function is to store and transmit heritable information • DNA = carries all codes for life; double stranded • RNA = protein synthesis • Nucleotides/Nucleic Acids are composed of: • Nitrogenous Base:ATGC • Pentose = 5 Carbon sugar • Phosphate group • In DNA A pairs with T ; G with C

40. Nucleic Acids are the building blocks of protein • True • False

41. What macromolecule could be made from H, C, NH2,COOH, R • lipid • nucleic acid • carbohydrate • Amino acid