Ecology : the study of how living things interact with their physical environment

1. Happy Monday! Grab your binderWARM UP: Answer the questions on your warm up paper about your goals for the class and for school.

2. Ecology: the study of how living things interact with their physical environment Ecology

3. Whatis Biology? • Biology is the study of life!

4. TEKS: 10C – Analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system Ecological Organization Smallest Organism Organism:Any individual that is living. Population: All members of a species live in one place at one time Community: a collection of interacting populations in an area Ecosystem: includes all of the organisms & the non-living environment. -Living things = biotic factors -Non-living things = abiotic factors Biosphere: the portion of the earth where all life exists. Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere Largest

5. Biotic vs. Abiotic • Biotic— living factors in an ecosystem • Examples: Plants, Animals, Bacteria, etc. • Abiotic—non-living factors that influence an ecosystem • Examples: temperature, humidity, wind, soil, sunlight

6. Ecological Organization Quick Review • Put in order from smallest to largest: • Community • Population • Biosphere • Organism • Ecosystem

7. Label the following pictures using the following words: Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

8. TEKS: 12C – Analyze the flow of matter and energy through trophic levels using various models, including food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids. Food Chains and Food Webs Arrows represent the FLOW OF ENERGY from one TROPHIC LEVEL to the next.

9. Trophic Levels • Trophic Level - Each step in a food chain or food web • Level 1—Producers (autotrophs) • Level 2—Primary Consumers (herbivores) • Level 3—Secondary Consumers (carnivores or omnivores) • Level 4—Tertiary Consumers (carnivore) • Level 5: Quaternary Consumers

10. Trophic Levels in Food Chains Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from producers to various levels of consumers, shown by arrows. Grasses= 1st trophic level = autotrophs = producers = make their own food Mouse/Grasshopper/Rabbit = heterotrophs = primary consumers = obtain energy from grasses Fox/Owl/Frog/Bird = heterotrophs = secondary consumers = obtain energy from primary consumers Hawk/Snake/Owl = heterotrophs = tertiary consumers = obtain energy from secondary consumers *Not shown = DECOMPOSERS = Bacteria/Fungi = breakdown dead plants and animals

11. Food Webs – Identify Trophic Levels Label Producer= P Primary Consumer = 1P Secondary Consumer= 2P Tertiary Consumer= 3P

12. Food Webs – Identify Trophic Levels Label Producer= P Primary Consumer = 1P Secondary Consumer= 2P Tertiary Consumer= 3P Can an organism occupy multiple trophic levels within a food web? YES!

13. Energy Pyramid-Shows relative amount of energy available at each trophic level Rule of 10—only about 10% of the available energy stored within a trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level 90% is lost as heat. 0.1% 1% 10% 100%

14. Pyramid of Numbers Biomass Pyramid • Shows the relative number of individuals at each trophic level • Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level What level has the most biomass? Producers

16. TEKS: 12D – Describe the flow of matter through the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle. Carbon Cycle Video Carbon is in all living things. Animals and Plants release CO2 into the atmosphere during cellular respiration Plants take in CO2 for photosynthesis. Animals obtain carbon by eating plants. Carbon is recycled back into the soil when plants and animals die by decomposers. Combustion and burning of fossil fuels also releases CO2 into the atmosphere. CARBON CYCLE

17. TEKS: 12D – Describe the flow of matter through the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen Cycle Video 78% of the atmosphere is made up of Nitrogen (N2), but it can’t be used in that form. N2 is “fixed” by bacteria or lightning and taken into the soil by rain. Plants take in nitrates (NO3)by assimilation. Animals obtain nitrogen for amino acids by eating plants. Nitrogen is recycled back into the soil when plants and animals die by decomposers. Nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere by bacteria. NITROGEN CYCLE

18. TEKS: 12A – Interpret relationships including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition among organisms Symbiosis – interaction between two species Mutualism Both organisms benefit Commensalism One organism benefits The other is neither helped nor harmed Parasitism One organism benefits (parasite) One organism is harmed (host)

19. Parasitism Characteristics Ticks and fleas that live in a host animal's fur bite the animal and drink its blood are parasites. One organism benefits (parasite) One organism is harmed (host) Vines such as Kudzu growing on Trees Insects such as mosquitoes feeding on a host are parasites. Tapeworm or Hookworms living in Host's Gut

20. Mutualism Characteristics Both species benefit from the interaction. Algae and Fungi > Lichen - Alga gets water and nutrients from the fungus and the fungus gets food from the algae. Flowers and their Pollinators

21. Commensalism Characteristics One organism benefits The other organism is neither harmed nor helped. The clownfish lives among the forest of tentacles of an anemone and is protected from potential predators. The Remora fish attaches to the shark and gets a free ride. barnacles on whale’s tail and clam

22. Predation Characteristics One organism eats another organism Predator- does the eating Prey- gets eaten

24. Competition two species share a requirement for a limited resource  reduces fitness of one or both species

26. Ameoba Sisters Video