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Chapter 14: The Formation of Western Europe

Chapter 14: The Formation of Western Europe. 800 - 1500. Chapter 14 Overview. Section 1: Church Reform and the Crusades. Dark Ages, but around 900s revival in church Started in monasteries Esp. Cluny in France Return to “basics” Popes started to lead the way

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Chapter 14: The Formation of Western Europe

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  1. Chapter 14:The Formation of Western Europe 800 - 1500

  2. Chapter 14 Overview

  3. Section 1: Church Reform and the Crusades • Dark Ages, but around 900s revival in church • Started in monasteries • Esp. Cluny in France • Return to “basics” • Popes started to lead the way • Restored and expanded Church’s power • “Age of Faith” • But…many problems remain

  4. Problems in the Church 3 main issues: • Village priests had families, married—against Church rulings • Bishops sold positions (simony) • Lay investiture • Plus other issues: • Some priests were nearly illiterate • Some popes were of “questionable morals”, as were some bishops, etc. • Some popes enforce church laws regarding simony and priests marrying; reorganize church

  5. Church resembles a kingdom Advisers; acted as court; developed canon law Tithes @ 10% Went towards buildings, church operations, social services, and hospitals. Friars (travelling monks) Checked on bishops and kings Priests

  6. Birth of Cathedrals • Cathedrals built in cities • “Representation of the city of God” • Thus—wealthy and very decorated • 800s – 1100: Romanesque • Rounded arches, heavy roof, thick walls and pillars; dark • 1100s on: Gothic • Thrust upward, huge stained glass windows, sculpture, wood carvings inspire the worshipper with the magnificence of God • Notre Dame

  7. The Crusades *Smart Notebook off and on for 300 years Recapture all the holy land from the Turks! 1095—Pope Urban II declares “holy war” 1144—Turks recapture Edessa Second Crusade to recapture city: failed 1097—Three armies gather near Constantinople 1187—Saladin recaptures Jerusalem How’s that?! Totally unorganized and should NOT have been victorious! Later Crusades lacked spirit and numbers, went to non-Holy Land sites Goals: Economic: Estab. trade routes, make $ off of sponsoring crusades Political: Kill off troublesome knights, reclaim lost land Social: Regain holy land 1099—Crusaders captures Jerusalem and begin set up of four Crusader states http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI

  8. The Reconquista of Spain • Moors held almost all of Spain • Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille united, joined forces, pushed Muslims and Jews out • Inquisition afterwards to suppress heresy Is that Christopher Columbus over there? The Happy Couple

  9. Effects of Crusades • Women had opportunities while @ home waiting for men to return • Opened/encouraged trade with SW Asia • Lessened power of pope • Decreased power of nobility, kings • Thousands lost lives, fortunes • Constantinople fell • Bitterness/hatred btwn Muslims, Christians; Jews persecuted even more

  10. Section 2: Changes in Medieval Society • Ag, trade, finance advanced; cities and towns grew; growing population and territorial expansion • Interaction with Muslims, Byzantine  new learning (universities are born!) • Growing food supply enabled these changes • Horsepower, better harness • Three-field system—more food more to eat healthier people more population

  11. Guilds • Become HUGE and vital to economy and society • Organization of individuals in same business working for benefit of all • Provide training in a craft (apprentice to journeyman to master) • Regulate quality and price of goods (can you say “monopoly”?!) • Fight for wages and working conditions • Provide health and other benefits • Serve the community

  12. Commercial Revolution • See graphic on pg. 390! • Fairs (no longer self-sufficient manors) • Trade! Larger variety of goods avail. • Banking—letters of credit, exchange rates, usury (loans with interest) • People started moving into towns because of trade, plus can earn freedom by living there for yr + day • Disgusting, disease-ridden, fire prone places…but at least you’re free

  13. Revival of Learning • Muslims had good libraries • Europeans started to study there • Gain lots of ancient and modern knowledge in science, philosophy, law, math, etc. • Crusades intro new technology • The University! • People learning together • Oxford (England), Salerno (Italy) • Well-to-do students • Long process • Hope of getting gov’t or Church job

  14. Literature • Starting writing in the vernacular (language of the people) • The Divine Comedy (Dante) • The Canterbury Tales (Chaucer) • Christian writers and philosophers • Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologicae) • Philosophy + Christian thought • The Scholastics

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