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NATIONS IN UPHEAVAL

Explore the transitions from monarchy to nation-states in France and Italy, including the rise of Napoleon III, the Crimean War, and the unification efforts led by Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour. Discover how nationalism and coup d'état shaped the political landscapes of these nations during a time of change and uncertainty.

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NATIONS IN UPHEAVAL

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  1. FRANCE AND ITALY NATIONS IN UPHEAVAL

  2. DEFINITIONS • Nation-state • A sovereign state • Inhabited by relatively homogeneous group of people • People share a feeling of common nationality

  3. DEFINITIONS • Nationalism • National spirit • Devotion and loyalty to one’s own nation • Excessive patriotism • The desire for national advancement or independence

  4. FRANCE • No longer a monarchy • Power held in the hands of the people’s elected representatives

  5. NAPOLEON III • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte • Napoleon III • NOT the Napoleon of the Napoleonic Wars • Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte

  6. NAPOLEON III • President of the Second Republic • December 1848 • Won by 4 million votes • Why was he popular? • Evoked nationalism and the idea of a nation-state • Appealed to the monarchs • Appealed to the republicans

  7. NAPOLEON III • Problem • 4 year term • No re-election • Solution • Appeal to the people • National Assembly allowed him to appeal to the people • Problem • Only those who had property had the right to vote

  8. NAPOLEON III • Coup d'état - 1851 • December 1-2 • Occupy Paris • National Assembly dissolved • Universal male suffrage • December 4 • Killed 200 rioters to prevent left-wing uprising • Declared himself emperor • Claimed he was restoring democratic rights

  9. THE PEOPLE WERE HAPPY • Economy • Prosperous • Railroad industry was booming • Lead to the boom of other industries • Lead to employment

  10. CRIMEAN WAR • 1854-1856 • Challenged Russia’s claim • Reason for war • To stop Russia from expanding beyond the Black Sea and into the Balkans and east Mediterranean • Paris Peace Conference • 1856 • Russia compromised

  11. CRIMEAN WAR

  12. ITALY • Problem? • Unification

  13. GIUSEPPE MAZZINI • Founder of the Young Italy Society • Society • Median through which goals of Italian nationalism were publicized • Wanted a new Italy to be democratic and republic • How was he going to make a new Italy? • Revolts

  14. ROME • Vatican and papacy • Wanted to restore the Pope to Rome • Intervene against the Roman Republic • Troops from Naples, Austria and France

  15. Giuseppe Garibaldi • Man in charge to defend Rome • Failed • Fled with his troops to the hills • Republic of Venice surrendered to the Austrians in August of 1849

  16. COUNT CAMILLO CAVOUR • Took up the task of unification • Joined France in Crimean War • Joined Prussia against Austria • Question of Italian unification discussed at the Paris Peace Conference • Unification of northern Italy - 1860

  17. GARBALDI’S BACK • His army is used to invade more lands in southern Italy • Problematic for Cavour • Army will advance northwards • Solution • Cavour and Garbaldi’s troops met in south of Rome • Agree to unification • March 1861 • The Kingdom of Italy is formed

  18. SGA TOPICS • Nation-state • Nationalism • Coup d'état • France’s economy • Crimean War • Mazzini vs. Garibaldi • Cavour vs. Garibaldi

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