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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. States of Matter. Objectives. SPI 0807.9.1 Recognize that all matter consists of atoms SPI 0807.9.6 Compare the particle arrangement and type of particle motion associated with different states of matter I can: Describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 States of Matter

  2. Objectives SPI 0807.9.1 Recognize that all matter consists of atoms SPI 0807.9.6 Compare the particle arrangement and type of particle motion associated with different states of matter I can: Describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter. Explain the differences between the states of matter. Describe factors that affect how gases behave. Describe how energy is involved in changes of state Compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

  3. States of Matter I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter. • The physical forms in which a substance can exist • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma

  4. Particles of Matter I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter. Matter is made up of atoms and molecules Very small Always in motion Always bumping into one another Interact with one another

  5. Solids (#81) • Definite volume • Definite shape • Strong attraction between particles • Do not move fast • Particles are close together • Particles vibrate in place I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  6. I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  7. Types of solids • Crystalline-orderly, 3-D arrangement of particles • Iron • Diamond • Ice I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  8. Types of Solids 2. Amorphous-particles do not have any special arrangement, no pattern • Glass • Rubber • Wax I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  9. I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  10. Liquids (#49) • Definite volume • No definite shape • Takes the shape of its container • Move fast enough to overcome some attraction b/t particles • Particles slide past one another I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  11. I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  12. Liquid Characteristics • Surface tension - force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid. • Creates spherical drops like beads of water • Different liquids have different surface tensions • Low ST → flat drops • High ST→ spherical drops I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  13. Liquid Characteristics 2. Viscosity – liquid’s resistance to flow • Slower flow → higher viscosity • Faster flow → lower viscosity • Ex: Honey is more viscous than water I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  14. Gases (#37) • No definite volume • No definite shape • Little attraction between particles • Particles can break away completely from one another • Move quickly • Far apart • Move independently of one another • Large amount of empty space b/t particles I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  15. I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  16. Plasma • Similar to gases • No definite volume • No definite shape • Ionized gases (charged particles) • Make up 99% of all matter in the universe • Examples: • Neon signs • Lightning • Sun • Jupiter • Stars • Fire I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  17. I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

  18. I can explain the differences between the states of matter.

  19. Gas Properties I can describe factors that affect how gases behave. • Temperature (T) – measure of how fast particles in an object are moving • Faster moving → more energy → gas expands → higher temp. • slower moving → less energy → gas shrink → lower temp. • Volume (V) – amt. of space object takes up • Depends on container the gas is in • Gas can be compressed or squeezed together into a smaller volume • Pressure (P) – amt. of force exerted on a given area of surface • High pressure → more particles → harder surface • Low pressure → fewer particles → softer surface

  20. Gas Behavior Laws I can describe factors that affect how gases behave. • Boyle’s Law • V is inversely proportional to P when T is constant • P inc. → V dec. • P dec. → V inc. • Charles’s Law • V is directly proportional to T of a gas when P is constant • T inc. → V inc. • T dec. → V dec.

  21. I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

  22. I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

  23. I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

  24. Changes of State I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs. Change of a substance from one physical form to another Physical change– identity of substance does not change To change state → add or remove energy Ex: ice, liquid water, and steam are all the same substance → WATER

  25. I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

  26. Energy I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs. • Endothermic (#30) – Energy is gained by the substance • Energy is added • Exothermic (#34) – Energy removed from substance

  27. Changes of State I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs. • Melting • Solid to liquid • Inc. T → particles move faster • Endothermic – add energy • Melting Point – T @ which object melts • Ex.: ice melting • Freezing • Liquid to solid • Exothermic – remove energy • Freezing point – T @ which liquid changes to solid • Ex.: water freezing • Melting Point = Freezing Point

  28. Changes of State I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of stateoccurs. • Evaporation • Liquid to gas • Endothermic – add energy • Boiling Point – T @ which liquid boils • Ex.: steam • Condensation • Gas to liquid • Exothermic – remove energy • Condensation Point – T @ which gas becomes liquid • Ex.: morning dew • Boiling point = Condensation Point • Sublimation • Solid to gas • Endothermic – add energy • ex.: dry ice

  29. I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of stateoccurs.

  30. I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of stateoccurs.

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