1819-1832

1. CHAPTER 11 Moving Westward: Society and Politics in the “Age of the Common Man” 1819-1832 CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “I believed it was a wicked, unjust measure, and that I should go against it, let the cost to myself be what it might.” Davy Crockett, on his vote opposing the Indian removal policy

3. TIMELINE 1819 Spain cedes East Florida to the U.S. McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 Depression begins 1820 Missouri Compromise Land Act of 1820 1823 Monroe Doctrine 1824 John Quincy Adams elected President Russo-American Treaty 1827 Cherokee written constitution Andrew Jackson elected President 1830 Church of the Latter Day Saints established 1831 New York bans debtors prison 1832 Nullification Proclamation Jackson reelected

4. THE RISE OF THE WEST Overview • The Politics Behind Western Expansion • Federal Authority and Its Opponents • Real People in the “Age of the Common Man” • Ties that Bound a Growing Population

5. THE POLITICS BEHIND WESTERN EXPANSION • The Missouri Compromise • Ways West: The Erie Canal • Spreading American Culture—and Slavery • Migration and Its Effects on the Western Environment • The Panic of 1819 and the Plight of Western Debtors • The Monroe Doctrine • Andrew Jackson’s Rise to Power

6. The Missouri Compromise • Proposals • Tallmadge Amendment: favored Congress • Pinckney: favored states’ rights • The Compromise • Missouri joined Union as slave state • Maine joined Union as a free state • In future, slavery prohibited from north Louisiana Purchase (north of present day Missouri and Kansas)

7. The Missouri Compromise

8. Ways West: The Erie Canal • Land Act of 1820: minimum of 80 acres at $1.25 acre • Encouraged European Americans to move west • 1825: Eric Canal completed • Great economic, political, and religious significance • Engineering feat • Raised the material standard of living of people outside of the cities • Farm towns changed to robust trading centers

9. Principal Canals Built by 1860

10. Spreading American Culture—and Slavery • Southern migration across the Appalachians • By 1832, Tennessee, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida become the largest cotton producers • The new planter elite • Austin, and the Texians

11. Migration and Its Effects on the Western Environment • Clearing land for agriculture • Hunting game with firearms • Damming rivers • John Godman, 1831, American Natural History (effects on the beaver and its environment)

12. Mexico’s Far Northern Frontier in 1822

13. The Panic of 1819 and the Plight of Western Debtors • The Second Bank of the U.S. granted charter in 1816 • Regulation of “wildcat” banks affected western farmers with foreclosures, farm equipment confiscated • Panic, followed by depression • 1831: New York passed law banning debtors’ prison • Davy Crockett and the system of bankruptcy auctions

14. The Monroe Doctrine • Feeling threatened by Russian and the monarchies of Europe, President Monroe and John Quincy Adams formulated the statement that no foreign nations would be allowed to intervene in the Western Hemisphere. • Russo-American Treaty of 1824: Russia pulled back to the area north of present day Alaskan panhandle.

15. Andrew Jackson’s Rise to Power • Presidential Election of 1824: 3 candidates with no majority • Representative Henry Clay: withdrew from race, promising Jackson support • Secretary of State John Q. Adams: named Clay secretary of state • Senator Andrew Jackson: charged Adams of corruption • Jackson’s overwhelming victory in 1828

16. FEDERAL AUTHORITY AND ITS OPPONENTS • Judicial Federalism and the Limits of Law • The “Tariff of Abominations” • The “Monster Bank”

17. Judicial Federalism and the Limits of Law • Chief Justice John Marshall: Limiting states power • McCulloch v. Maryland • Cohens v. Virginia • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia • The Indian Removal Act

18. Cherokee Nation Intercensus Changes, 1809-1824

19. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

20. The “Tariff of Abominations” • A higher tariff on English goods affected Southern cotton planters who named the new tariff an “Abomination.” • South Carolina evoked state sovereignty and nulls and voids the tariff. • Jackson’s Nullification Proclamation of 1832: • States cannot nullify federal laws or secede from the Union

21. The “Monster Bank” • Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Second Bank of the United States advocating hard money and opposing large commercial institutions • Congress and Sen. Clay opposed the veto citing the necessity of the bank for the Union’s financial future. • Election of 1832: Clay challenged Jackson, but a third party, the Anti-Masonics drew votes from Clay and led to Jackson victory.

22. REAL PEOPLE IN THE “AGE OF THE COMMON MAN” • Wards, Workers, and Warriors: Native Americans • Slaves and Free People of Color • Legal and Economic Dependence: The Status of Women

23. Wards, Workers, and Warriors: Native Americans • Native Americans responded to the encroachment of white settlers, hostility from Congress, and the loss of land • Farming and adopting the white ways • Spanish missionaries converted Indians and forced them to work • Sequoyah and the Cherokee Phoenix (1828) • Revolt and attack: • 1826 and 1827: Winnebagos attacked in Wisconsin • 1829: Coalition of tribes formed • 1832: U.S. soldiers massacre 300 at Bad Axe River

24. Slaves and Free People of Color • New Jersey, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania revoked the vote for black men • Walker’s Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World: integrate • Maria Stewart, “Knowledge is Power” • American Colonization Society and the founding of Monrovia • Nat Turner and the slave revolt in Virginia…and the white response of strengthening slavery’s hold on the South

25. Legal and Economic Dependence: The Plight of Women • Prosperous Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states: women as consumers • Spanish settlements: household production • Indian women: collective workers • New England textile machine operators • New York home needleworkers • Emma Willard and Catharine Beecher females schools • 1832: Elizabeth Cady graduated from Troy Female Seminary

26. TIES THAT BOUND A GROWING POPULATION • New Visions of Religious Faith • Literate and Literary in America

27. New Visions of Religious Faith • White Cloud, Winnebago prophet • Second Great Awakening: religious revivals • Rev. Finney: the connection of the spiritual life to politics • The revival of the primitive Christian • 1830: The Church of the Latter Day Saints (Mormons)

28. Literate and Literary in America • 1828: Sarah Hale and the Ladies Magazine • Motherhood, piety, and self-sacrifice • Regional histories • Irving, Rip Van Winkle, Legend of Sleepy Hollow • Cooper, Last of the Mohicans • American Victorianism • Significance of the individual • Freedom of advancement • Work is noble