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What is mindfulness meditation (MM)?

The effects of mindfulness meditation on rumination in depressed people Rachel Sluder Adviser: Dr. Brett Gibson University of New Hampshire. Findings

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What is mindfulness meditation (MM)?

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  1. The effects of mindfulness meditation on rumination in depressed peopleRachel SluderAdviser: Dr. Brett GibsonUniversity of New Hampshire Findings Behavioral data strongly supports effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapies in improving symptoms of depression, even beyond rumination. (Deyo et al 2009; Kenny et al 2007) FcMRI on connectivity networks in MM before and after MBSR: found increases in networks including anterior cingulate cortex and lateral frontal cortex (“auditory/salience”) and areas of default mode network (Kilpatrick et al 2011; below image from same) Conclusions Common threads: certain brain regions, such as anterior cingulate cortex, are involved in meditation and rumination; improvement in rumination cessation seems to go along with improvement in attention skills Challenges: selection bias; newness of field – many studies have not been replicated, or attempts have been unsuccessful Future directions -Neuroimaging research on the intersection of MM, rumination, and depression could shed light into each facet -fMRI would provide capability of seeing short-term within-group gray matter density and activity levels -Imaging of MM is a new field, so additional research on any aspect of it could shed light onto the functional neuroanatomy involved, as well as mechanisms of specific effects -Rumination has the potential to cause relapse in depressed patients. A free, relatively simple behavioral treatment would be very valuable, particularly since it has shown to be effective in patients unresponsive to other treatments (Kenny et al 2007) -A potential direction for future research could focus on the difference between EEG signals in rumination and in mindfulness meditation in the same subjects following MBCT. What is mindfulness meditation (MM)? -Practice of increasing awareness of one's body, thoughts, circumstances -Non-judgmental -MBCT = mindfulness-based cognitive therapy -MBSR = mindfulness-based stress reduction What is rumination? -Maladaptive pattern of thinking found in depression, anxiety, and similar disorders. -Commonly accepted theory suggests that it is a way of responding to distress through perseverative thoughts on the cause of distress, as well as possible causes and consequences .; known as the “response styles” theory (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008). -Thoughts can be overwhelming, and thereby interfere with successful, effective problem solving. Methods I performed a search on ScienceDirect for articles about MM and rumination, rumination and depression, and MM and depression, gathering information from both behavioral and imaging studies. The research was done in this format since UNH does not have access to fMRI equipment. Study types Behavioral data: effects of rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008); meditation and rumination (Deyo et al 2009) EEG: ERP following MBCT (Bostanov et al 2012); alpha band activity state-effects during MM (Keune et al 2013) FMRI: Neural correlates of rumination (Kuhn et al 2012); effects of MBSR on connectivity (Kilpatrick et al 2011) FMRI on gray matter density: increases in several areas of interest following MBSR. (Holzel et al 2010) EEG: increased ERP signal following MBCT in depressed patients indicates improved ability to shift attention (Bostanov et al 2012); increased alpha band asymmetry indicates cortical involvement (Keune et al 2013, below image from same) References Bostanov, V., Keune, P., Kotchoubey, B., & Hautzinger, M. Event-related brain potentials reflect increased concentration ability after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A randomized clinical trial. (2012). Psychiatry Research, 199, 174-180 Deyp, M., Wilson., KA., Ong, J., & Koopman, C. Mindfulness and Rumination: Does mindfulness training lead to reductions in the ruminative thinking associated with depression? (2009). Explore, 5(5), 265-271 Holzel, BK, Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, SM., Gard, T., & Lazar, SW. Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. (2011). Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 191, 36-43 Kenny, MA.., & Williams, JMG. Treatment-resistant depressed patients show a good response to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. (2007). Behavior Research and Therapy. 45, 617-625 Keune, PM., Bostanov, V., Hautzinger, M., & Kotchoubey, B. Approaching dysphoric mood: State-effects of mindfulness meditation on frontal brain asymmetry. (2013). Biological Psychology, 93, 105-113 Kilpatrick, LA., Suyenobu, BY., Smith, SR., Bueller, JA., Goodman, T., Creswell, JD., Tillisch, K., Mayer, EA., & Naliboff, BD. Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on intrinsic brain connectivity. (2011). NeuroImage, 56, 290-298. Kuhn, S., Vanderhasselt, MA., De Raedt, R., & Gallinat, J. Why ruminators won't stop: The structural and resting state correlates of rumination and its relation to depression. (2012). Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 352-360. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, BE., & Lyubomirsky, S. Rethinking Rumination. (2008). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424.

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