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Advanced Fruit Growing

Advanced Fruit Growing. Ward Upham. Northwest Kansas Used to be Big Apple Production Area. Troy Kansas banner declared, “Surrounded by 10,000 Acres of Apples”. Near Wathena Kansas. Apple Decline in Kansas. Apple growing declined drastically between 1910 and 1915 due to drought and disease

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Advanced Fruit Growing

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  1. Advanced Fruit Growing Ward Upham

  2. Northwest Kansas Used to be Big Apple Production Area • Troy Kansas banner declared, “Surrounded by 10,000 Acres of Apples”

  3. Near Wathena Kansas

  4. Apple Decline in Kansas • Apple growing declined drastically between 1910 and 1915 due to drought and disease • Most apples were grown on farms for private use and orchards were not replanted. • The Great Armistice Day freeze (November 1940), in which there was an unseasonably warm fall followed by a rapid drop in temperature, killed many thousands of trees in Kansas. After the freeze, apple production moved westward to states with less erratic climatic conditions and lower pest populations. • The growing of other fruits has also declined drastically due to weather and the ease of shipping fruit in from other areas

  5. Renovating a Strawberry bed Strawberry Production 1930 - Shawnee County – 346,390 qts - Leavenworth County – 219,051 qts - Riley County – 105,993 qts - Wabaunsee County – 100,812 qts

  6. Early Raspberry Production in the Kansas River Valley 1930 Raspberry Production Jefferson County – 13,652 qts Johnson County – 23,843 qts 1920 Raspberry production Wyandotte County – 170,323 qts Leavenworth County – 60,453 qts

  7. Strawberries • The common name “strawberry” not because of mulching with straw, but due to the “strewn” appearance of the runners. • Size of fruit depends on: • Complete pollination (self-pollination + bee activity) • Water and temperature conditions during flowering and fruit set • Genetics

  8. Types of Strawberries • “June” bearing- most cultivars, ‘short-day’ type, require <14 hour day and/or <59 F. Fruit buds set in September – October. • Everbearing- often bloom 2x per year, typical of wild species, not usually grown commercially. Set flower buds in late summer that bear in spring and fall (not in heat of summer) • Day neutral- grow, set flower buds when plants are large enough, and produce fruit the year of planting. Bear in 6-8 week cycles, if temperatures are moderate.

  9. Strawberry growing –critical factors: • Root system – is shallow (90% in top 6”), rely on fine, delicate, short-lived feeder roots. • Water retention and availability • Tolerate a wide range of pH, from 4.0 to 8.5, but prefer 5-7 range.

  10. Considerations for Home Garden • One heavy crop to eat and process (plant early and late June-bearer) or modest but extended season (day-neutrals). • Usually go for best flavor, not size • Water frequently, may need bird netting for small scale.

  11. Best Flavored Strawberries for Kansas • Cavendish: Early mid-season, very large berry • Earliglow: Early season, medium berry, excellent flavor • Jewel: Late mid-season, large berry • Lateglow: Mid-season, very large berry • Northeastern: Early season, large berry • Sparkle: Late mid-season, medium berry, excellent flavor

  12. Blackberries & Raspberries

  13. The “Rubus” family tree: Blackberry x raspberry hybrids = Loganberry, Youngberry, Boysenberry etc…

  14. Bramble (Rubus) History • Raspberry discovered on Mt. Ida in Turkey (Rubus ideaus). • Greeks harvested wild for food and medicinal uses 350 B.C. Romans cultivated by 4th century A.D. • Blackberries also gathered by the Greeks in the wild 2000 years ago. • 16th century Europe, medicinal uses, leaves and fruit.

  15. Bramble biology • A Perennial plant with biennial top growth • Primocanes – 1st year vegetative growth, sets fruit buds. • Floricanes – 2nd year reproductive growth, produces flowers, fruit, then die. Exception: Primocane fruiting types (fall or ever-bearing types). The primocanes flower and produce fruit on the tips until frost. Basal buds have dormancy requirement; do not fruit first year.

  16. Root System • Fibrous and perennial • ~70% of roots are in the top 10 inches of soil • Raspberries are fairly drought prone due to weak root system. • Blackberries are fairly drought resistant due to strong, extensive root system.

  17. Bramble Propagation • Red, yellow, purple raspberries • Root suckers: dig in fall, store, plant in spring • Black raspberries • Tip layers (tips of primocanes bend down and root) • Blackberries • Root cuttings, especially for thorny • Root suckers • All Brambles • Tissue culture meristems in aseptic conditions, transplant to greenhouse, mature in nursery or greenhouse.

  18. Cultivar selection: Cold hardiness of Brambles: • Summer red raspberries -25 to -40 F • Fall red raspberries -20 to -30 • Black raspberries -15 to -20 • Thorny blackberries -5 to -15 • Thornless blackberries 0 to -5 (newer varieties can be better) Cold injury occurs most frequently during late winter – early spring.

  19. Which Ones Sucker? • Red Raspberries and Thorny Blackberries sucker badly • Thornless blackberries, black raspberries and purple raspberries do not. Red Raspberry

  20. Blackberries (Boysenberry, Loganberry, Blackberry, Dewberry, Youngberry) • Variations in a subgenus of the Rubus genus called Eubatus • Most of these are hybrids and crosses • Semi-erect – blackberries, Loganberries • Trailing- boysenberries, youngberries • Very trailing- dewberries

  21. Apples

  22. Apple varieties….listed by popularity in US production • Delicious (Red Delicious) • Golden Delicious • Granny Smith • Rome (Rome Beauty) • Fuji • McIntosh

  23. Apple varieties gaining importance in the world... • Braeburn • Royal Gala or Gala • Jonagold • Empire • Honeycrisp There is a continual search for varieties that are unique to a particular market or have yield, quality or unique characteristics that would make them appealing for domestic or export markets.

  24. Apple Production today: • US total 464,025 acres • Washington 172,810 • New York 53,233 • Michigan 50,539 • California 38,268 • Pennsylvania 28,110 • Kansas 599

  25. ‘Dwarfing’ of apple trees • ‘Dwarf’ or Semi-Dwarf’ actually a range of dwarfing is available depending on rootstock • Budding and grafting techniques were developed by the 15th century, used in Europe during the 1800’s. • Advantages • Reduction in labor/production costs • Earlier bearing • Improvement in color and marketability • Resistance to disease/insects

  26. A experienced apple grafter can graft apple stock and scion in 1-2 minutes

  27. Most apple grafts done on small rootstock plants and cuttings from known fruit types. Use tongue graft (bridge graft) where 2 stems are about the same size Grafted, wrapped, and allowed to stand for several weeks or months before planting out

  28. Dwarfing is provided by a rootstock or root system that is grafted onto a top of an apple variety that you chose to grow.

  29. Top or Variety of Apple If graft isn’t compatible or there is not a good untion between the rootstock and top, an INTERSTEM is used. Interstem (bridge between top and rootstock) Rootstock- provides dwarfing effect on tree

  30. Rootstock effects ... • Growth control- limits the size of the top • Anchorage- brittle nature of roots or shallow rooted (may require trellis) • Suckering- don’t produce a lot of sucker shoots • Burr- roots (small ‘sucker like’ roots) that develop near the graft union (disease entry points) • Disease and insect resistance • Drought resistance and cold hardiness

  31. Many rootstocks are ‘numbered’ rather than named... M or EM (Malling or East Malling) East Malling Horticulture Research Center in Kent England (In the 1960s the EM stocks were put through a ‘virus free’ program designated (Long Ashton) or LA. Now called EMLA MM (Merton-Malling) cooperative effort between Malling and John Innis Research Center in Merton England) (most new ones now abbreviated AR) B or Bud - Budagovsky from the Soviet Union Pfrom Poland CG or G -Cornell Univ and Geneva Research Center in New York MAC- Michigan State

  32. Semi-Dwarf Dwarf

  33. Dwarfing rootstock sizes • Very dwarf - M-27 and P-2 (trellis) • Dwarf- M-9, Mark, M-26, B-9 • Semi Dwarf- M-7 • Medium M 106, M 111 (Best for Kansas) • Standard- M-793 • Large MM-115, M-25, Robusta Most states have developed research trials to suggest spacings for certain rootstocks and rootstock-top combinations that seem to work well under specific environmental conditions.

  34. Rootstock Distance between trees Seedling 18-25 70 – 134 trees/A MM-111 14-18 134 – 222 trees/A MM-106 12-16 170 – 302 trees/A M-7 10-14 222 – 435 trees/A M-26 8-12 302 – 680 trees/A Mark 6-8 680 – 1210 trees/A M-9 4-8 1210 – 2722 trees/A Most modern orchards are using tree density from 450 to 1000 trees/acre (less with poor fertility and water)

  35. ‘Standard’ apple tree may be 30-40 ft tall. Trees now may be in the 5-10 ft tall range. Some are supported by a trellis so that a ‘continuous wall’ of fruit develops.

  36. Orchard density of trees... Density Trees/A Planting Cum Profits Costs/A to 10th Yr. Planting costs and cumulative profits as a % of low density plantings.

  37. Apple Pest Management • “Realizing that over 500 species of insects and 100 disease organisms have been found in fruit orchards presents an immediate challenge to our understanding.”(1) • “Between 25 and 50% of the cost of commercial production of fruits is devoted to insect and disease control Without this expenditure, the trees would be short-lived and the fruit almost worthless.”(2) • “Without any pest control, one can only obtain about 10% saleable fruit.”(3) 1) The Apple Grower/Phillips, 2) Fruit Science/Childers, and 3) Attra guide

  38. Spray Schedule I Use • April 1 through petal drop: Immunox • Petal drop through Memorial Day: Immunox + Malathion • Memorial Day until two weeks before harvest or mid-August (whichever comes first): Captan + Malathion

  39. Apricots, Peaches and Nectarines

  40. Apricot • Earliest of stone fruit (and all fruits to bloom) • In Kansas, most seasons blooms are caught by a late freeze (perhaps 1-2 years in 5 may get a crop) • Avoid frost sensitive areas • Nearly all varieties are self-fruitful (don’t need a pollenizer)

  41. Apricot • Prunus armeniaca • Native of China, came to Europe via Armenia. • ‘abricock’ or ‘apricock’- early English adaptation of a Latin word ‘early ripening fruit’ • Most commercial production in Mediterranean area and China

  42. Parideaza Farm - 2008

  43. Tree is larger than peach tree. Trees take 5-6 years to become productive (a year or 2 longer than peach). Long lived tree- may last 25-40 years. Most in US grown in California (94% of crop).

  44. Apricot culture…. • Bears on 1-year old wood but tree also produces some short spurs. • Pruning is less than peaches • Less emphasis on encouraging vigorous shoots • Fruits are usually thinned to produce larger sizes of fruit- hand thinned with ‘bats’ to knock excess fruit from branches • Want one fruit every 2 inches • Thinning usually done 30-40 days after full bloom

  45. Peach Prunus persica Prunus genus contains a large number of edible fruits including: apricots, almonds, cherries, and plums. Native of China (not middle east as the species ‘persica’ might suggest. Came to Europe via Persia (Iran)

  46. What is a nectarine? A nectarine is a fuzzless peach- note red coloration into flesh and pit. A single recessive gene controls fuzziness.

  47. Fruit develop along stem- not on spurs. Thick, fat buds are flower buds while long, slender buds are leaf buds. There may be 2 or more flower buds set at each node along with leaf buds.

  48. Freezing Temperatures of Peach Buds/Blossoms Petal Fall Full Pink Open First Pink Calyx pink Calyx green First swell

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