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Chapter 2, Exercise Sets

Chapter 2, Exercise Sets. More standardization and diagramming. Chapter 2, Exercise 1.

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Chapter 2, Exercise Sets

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  1. Chapter 2, Exercise Sets More standardization and diagramming

  2. Chapter 2, Exercise 1 2. This passage does not contain an argument. It begins with a comment that everyone knows the U.S. is having an election (in 2008); the author proceeds to state three things that he thinks Europe should focus on. He does not offer reasons for his statement that these three things are jobs, Muslims, and neighbors.

  3. 4. This passage does contain an argument. The conclusion is in the last sentence and is indicated by the word “therefore.” The other three sentences are premises

  4. 6. This passage does not contain an argument. It amounts to an expression of thanks publicly stated by the Spirit of Sport Foundation.

  5. 7. The passage contains both an argument and a subargument. (1) The butler was passionately in love with the victim. Thus, (2) It was not the butler who committed the murder. (3) Either the butler committed the murder or the judge committed the murder. Therefore, (4)The judge committed the murder. The subargument goes from (1) to (2), and the main argument goes from (2) and (3) to (4).

  6. (1) (2) + (3) (4)

  7. 12. This passage contains a linear argument from (1) to (2). We are not under an obligation to give aid unless it is likely to be effective in reducing starvation or malnutrition. Therefore, (2) We are not under an obligation to give aid to countries that make no effort to reduce the rate of population growth that will lead to catastrophe.

  8. 16. This passage contains an argument. Standardization: (1) No one who uses a relatively unreliable procedure in order to decide whether to punish can know whether that other person deserves punishment. (2) No one who cannot know whether another person deserves punishment has a right to punish that person. Therefore, (3) No one who uses a relatively unreliable procedure in order to decide whether to punish another person has a right to punish that person.

  9. + (2) (3)

  10. 17. This passage does not contain an argument; it offers observations on the role of observations in obtaining a good diagnosis.

  11. Chapter 2, Exercise set 2, 3, and 4 More standardization and diagramming

  12. Exercise set 2 (1) There is no point in getting your first elementary education in some other language if your native language is English, because English is the language of world business and world scholarship, and English is the most important language a person can learn to speak and write fluently.

  13. (1) English is the language of world business and world scholarship. • (2) English is the most important language a person can learn to speak and write fluently. • Therefore • (3) There is no point in getting your first elementary education in some other language if your native language is English. • Linked, linear, or convergent? • Seemingly linear, if we take (1) to provide specific reasons for accepting (2).

  14. (1) (2)(3)

  15. (3) Virtue is something that is valued because of the kinds of comparisons we make between people. Therefore if all people shared all good qualities equally, there would be no such thing as virtue. (Adapted from the seventeenth century philosopher Thomas Hobbes)

  16. (1) Virtue is something that is valued because of the kinds of comparisons we make between people. • Therefore, • (2) If all people shared good qualities equally, there would be no such thing as virtue. • There is one premise and one conclusion. The support pattern is, by default, linear.

  17. 5. There must be electrons because scientific theories and calculations based on the hypothesis that they exist explain many things that happen in our world.

  18. (1) Scientific theories and calculations based on the hypothesis that electrons exist explain many things that happen in our world.Therefore(2) Electrons must exist.Since there is one premise and one conclusion, the support pattern is, by default, linear.

  19. 6. Language is necessary for communication, and communication is necessary for the advancement of our civilization. Therefore, language is necessary for the advancement of our civilization. And we can go on from this point. Because language is necessary for human advancement, any attempt to censor language will restrict that advancement. Therefore the censorship of written materials is always wrong.

  20. (1) Language is necessary for communication.(2) Communication is necessary for the advancement of our civilization.Therefore(3) Language is necessary for the advancement of our civilization.(4) Any attempt to censor language will restrict the advancement of our civilization. Therefore,(5) The censorship of written materials is always wrong.Covergent, linked, linear?Linear, if we take (3) to give us grounds for (4).

  21. + (2) • (3) • (4) • (5)

  22. 8. How could there be life without change? Stagnation is death.(1) Stagnation is death.Therefore,(2) There can be no life without change.

  23. 9. Descartes influenced Pascal and Pascal influenced Sartre. Therefore, Descartes influenced Sartre.

  24. + (2) • (3) This seems to be clearly linked, since (3) makes mention of concepts only connected by (1) and (2) together.

  25. EXERCISE 3Assume that each of the following passages states an argument in which the final sentence contains the conclusion. (Note: The final sentence may also contain a supporting premise, but at the very least, it will contain the conclusion.) In each case, determine the premises of the argument. Are there any unstated premises? If so, what are they?

  26. 1. If the global climate is getting warmer, then winters on the Canadian prairie should be less severe. And they're pretty mild. What can we conclude from that?

  27. The invited conclusion is that (3) the global climate is getting warmer. The premises are (1) if the global climate is getting warmer winters on the Canadian prairie should be less severe and (2) winters on the Canadian prairie are (by implication) less severe.

  28. (1) + (2)(3)

  29. 4. Mad cow disease spreads because of a certain form of protein that is not destroyed by disinfecting efforts, even at very high temperatures. Because we can't control the way it spreads, the disease is very serious.

  30. The main conclusion is that mad cow disease is very serious. A premise is (1) mad cow disease spreads because of a certain form of protein that is not destroyed by disinfecting efforts, and this premise establishes a subconclusion, (2) that we cannot control the way mad cow disease spreads. The argument is (1) therefore (2) therefore (3), in a linear support pattern.

  31. (1) (2) (3)

  32. 7. Young people are often bored. They do crazy, sometimes criminal, things out of boredom. So the way to cut the crime rate among youth is to give them some meaningful activities to do.

  33. The conclusion is (3) the way to cut the crime rate among youth is to give them some meaningful activities to do. The premises are (1) Young people do crazy, sometimes criminal, things out of boredom. The missing premise is (2) if young people are given meaningful activities to do, they will not be bored.

  34. (1) + (3)(2)

  35. 9. Photographs can be altered and the techniques for doing so are increasingly sophisticated, due to the use of computers. You can see a man and his children in a picture, with no wife beside him, and yet in the original picture his wife (whom he has now divorced) was there. He had her eliminated with sophisticated alteration techniques. You can see from this that photographs are not a reliable guide to what reality was like in the past.

  36. The conclusion is that (3) photographs are not a reliable guide to what reality was like in the past. The second and third sentences are best understood as illustrative material. But The illustrative material could be understood as providing a sub-argument for (1) here. The premises are (1) Photographs can be (easily) altered and (2) The techniques for altering photographs are increasingly sophisticated due to the use of computers.

  37. (2)(1)(3)

  38. EXERCISE 4In each of the following passages, state whether an argument is given. If so, identify the conclusion. Do you think any of these passages should be interpreted as expressing an argument with an unstated conclusion? If so, which ones? What is the unstated conclusion, and what are your reasons for reading it into the passage?

  39. Show her you care by giving jewelry. These glorious jewels have delighted beautiful women for more than a century. What could be better for the woman you love?

  40. There is an unstated conclusion to the effect that you should give the woman you love glorious jewels. The premise is that glorious jewels like these have delighted beautiful women for more than a century. (Clearly, this passage copies the style of an advertisement.)

  41. 6. Background: The following passage is taken from Alfie Kohn, No Contest: The Case Against Competition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), p. 51. (Punctuation has been altered slightly.)Since group performance in problem solving is superior to even the individual work of the most expert group members, it should not be surprising that students learn better when they cooperate.

  42. There is an argument. The premise is that group performance in problem solving is superior to even the individual work of the most expert group members. The conclusion is that students learn better when they cooperate. There is no unstated conclusion.

  43. 9. Background: The following passage is the text of an advertisement that appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in May 1999, posted by the Nuclear Energy Institute, based in Washington, D.C. The text is accompanied by two photographs. The first shows a plant, or factory, with blue sky and clouds above it and the words Fresh Air written against the sky. The second shows ripe red tomatoes glossy with drops of moisture and has "Fresh Food" written in it.Nuclear makes it happen. Chances are you know nuclear power generates about 20 percent of America's electricity without emitting greenhouse gases, but nuclear technology contributes to our lives in countless other ways. Through food irradiation, for example, harmful microbes such as E. coli can be virtually eliminated in meats, fruits, and vegetables. That means more peace of mind at the dinner table. From medical miracles to space exploration, nuclear technology enhances our lives in many ways. It's the same technology that enables more than 100 nuclear power plants to produce valuable electricity and keep our air clean. That's one reason why the majority of Americans believe nuclear power-one of our cleanest sources of electricity-should continue to play an important role in our energy future. NUCLEAR. SO MUCH MORE THAN YOU EVER IMAGINED.

  44. The visual materials are described because they help to understand what the advertisers are trying to establish here. The conclusion is that (5) nuclear processes are safe and should continue to play an important role in the future of American energy. The stated premises are (1) that nuclear power does not emit greenhouse cases; (2) that irradiation of foods eliminates harmful microbes; (3) that nuclear technology helps in various activities ranging from medicine to space exploration. The claim that nuclear power plants help keep the air clean can be plausibly viewed as a repetition of (1). All these points are stated, not implicit. The visual material is intended to convey an association between nuclear power and natural health.

  45. (1) Nuclear power does not emit greenhouse cases. (2) that irradiation of foods eliminates harmful microbes. (3) that nuclear technology helps in various activities ranging from medicine to space exploration.Therefore,(4) Nuclear processes are safe and should continue to play an important role in the future of American energy.

  46. (1) (2) (3) (5)

  47. 10. Not all discrimination is wrong. For example, if a golf competition wants to restrict admission to players with less than a certain handicap level, it's quite all right to do that.

  48. The conclusion is the first sentence. The premise is the second sentence. The missing premise is that restricting admission to a golf competition is an example of discrimination.

  49. (3) restricting admission to a golf competition is an example of discrimination.(1) + (3) (2)

  50. 11. Women's ski jumping was not accepted as an event in 2008 Olympics. But what's gone wrong here? This sport has been recognized for a long time. There are competitions in many different countries. And there are some pretty expert women jumpers who are thrilling to watch.

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