Animal Waste Management Introduction and BMPs

1. Animal Waste ManagementIntroduction and BMPs

2. Animal Production in the United States Broilers 7.6 Billion (1996) Turkeys 300 Million (1996) Swine 103 Million (1995) Dairy Cows 9.2 Million (1996) Beef Cattle 101 Million (1996) Sheep 7.9 Million (1996)

3. North Carolina Animal Production

4. Animal Wastes and Pollutants Oxygen Demand (BOD5) Nutrients Nitrogen Phosphorus Others (Cu, Zn) Bacteria Viruses Sediment

5. Livestock Manure and Nutrient ProductionAnnual Production per Animal (lbs.)

9. Nitrogen

10. Phosphorus

11. Animal Waste Management BMPs Waste Management Plans Education Handling Storage Treatment Application Animal Moralities Inspections

12. Farm Certification and Permits Clean Water Act (1974) - USEPA NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) CAFO (Confined Animal Feeding Operation) States must develop a plan to meet or exceed federal NPDES guidelines or EPA will issue permits NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DEHR) NPDES permits are administered by the Division of Water Quality (DWQ)

13. Federal CAFO Thresholds(Based on 1,000 Animal Units) 1,000 slaughter or feeder cattle 700 mature cattle (dry or milking) 2,500 swine (> 55 pounds) 500 horses 10,000 sheep or lambs 55,000 turkeys 30,000 hens or broilers (liquid systems only) 5,000 ducks

14. NC Thresholds 250 head of swine (regardless of size) 100 head of cattle (in confinement) beef or dairy 75 horses 1,000 sheep 30,000 chickens (liquid systems only) Confinement = animals held >45 days or can cannot support permanent vegetation

15. Eight Components of NC�s Animal Waste Management Plans General Permit - Issued by DWQ for all farms over the threshold numbers waste application rates record keeping waste and soil testing emergency management plans riparian buffers animal mortality management insect control checklists odor control checklists

16. NC Dry Litter Waste Plans Poultry farms, using dry litter, with >30,000 birds must develop a Dry Litter Management Plan Non-certified plan Waste & soil testing Monitor Cu & Zn levels Balance litter application with crop nitrogen requirement Record Keeping NC Cooperative Extension Service is educated producers on how they can develop their own plans

17. Animal Waste System Operator Certification NC - First state to require operators to be certified Operator in Charge - required on every farm Other states have implemented both voluntary or mandatory programs OH, OK, IL, NE, MN,TX, SK & BC - Canada

18. NC Senate Bill 974 - 1995 Required operators of swine waste systems, greater than 250 head of swine, to be certified To be certified an operator must: Complete 6 hours of classroom training Pass a certification exam Pay a $10 annual fee Training program was developed and implemented by NC Cooperative Extension Service in cooperation with state agencies and members of the swine industry

19. Senate Bill 1217 - 1996 Required operators of animal waste management systems, to be certified greater than 250 confined hogs, 100 confined cattle, 75 confined horses, 1,000 sheep or 30,000 poultry (liquid systems) To be certified an operator must: Complete 10 hours of classroom training Pass a certification exam Pay a $10 annual fee Complete 6 hours of additional training every 3 years

20. Program Successes SB974 Program 4,200 citizens completed 6-hours of training 3,800 citizens passed the certification exam 88% passing rate 3,200 swine waste operators, paid $10 fee, and became certified

21. Program Successes SB 1217 Program Completed one of three sets of exams To date, 250 swine, dairy, and liquid-based poultry system operators have been certified Passing rate of 93%

22. Waste Handling The method of manure handling has the most impact on: how the material can be stored how the material can be treated how it may be land applied how much area is needed to properly handle the material the relative value of the manure as a fertilizer the cost on constructing and operating the waste system

23. Waste Handling Dry Litter Solid separated solids compost Semi-Solid Slurry Liquid

24. Dry Litter Systems Primarily used in poultry production Applications for swine and cattle Litter bed for absorption and insulation wood chips, peanut or rice hulls, shredded paper

25. Solids Separation Gravity or Mechanical Reduce organic loading to storage or treatment unit Reduce liquid manure volume and N content Flexibility in application Possible odor reduction Compost or direct application Value-added products

26. Composting Aerobic biological process to treat organic wastes C:N and % Moisture Volume, odor and nutrient reduction Land application, soil amendment Marketing and quality control are limiting factors for off-farm use

27. Semi-Solid Manure Handling Daily removal of manure smaller dairies Longer term removal western US beef feedlots dry climates limited runoff Minimal equipment required Limited storage of manure Difficult to apply manure 365-days a year

28. Slurry Waste Handling Very nutrient rich liquid Direct storage of feces, urine, bedding and excess water dairies mid-west swine Tank spreaders, irrigation or injection Can be odors, especially if land applied without injection or incorporation

29. Liquid Waste Handling Water is a substitute for mechanical or human energy Flush systems treatment systems anaerobic aerobic creates best production environment for confined animals Irrigation

30. Manure Storage Solid Uncovered piles Covered piles Roofed storage structures Liquid Earthen Above-ground tanks

31. Treatment of Animal Waste BOD, Nitrogen Phosphorus Pathogens 3rd Law of Thermodynamics Nothing is created or destroyed, just transformed

32. Treatment Processes Aerobic Systems Anaerobic Digesters Lagoons Composting Constructed Lagoons Land Application

33. Aerobic Treatment Systems Mechanical or passive aeration to supply BOD requirement of wastewater BION activated sludge systems Large amounts of biomass (sludge) is formed Nutrient removal achieved to sludge removal or separate denitrification system Oxygen needed for nitrification is roughly 4 times that required for BOD treatment Can be expensive to construct and operate

34. Anaerobic Waste Treatment Organic degradation through anaerobic digestion Lagoons Engineered systems Produce gases CO2, CH4, NH3, NO2, N2 Production is very season and site-specific Digesters Capture biogas for combustion Concentrates liquid wastewater

35. Anaerobic Lagoon Schematic

36. Lagoon Liners Clay NRCS SNTC Technical Note 716 0.028 ft/day, >1 ft thick existing of imported clay Synthetic Liners PVC Polypropylene Hypalon HDPE Concrete

37. Composting Aerobic bacterial decomposition Naturally occurring process Volume reduction Nutrient reduction Odor control Pathogen destruction due to high temperatures

38. Constructed Wetlands Natural wetlands have the ability to treat and assimilate wastes BOD treatment Nutrient reduction Denitrification Soil and plant adsorption Plant uptake

39. Treatment Processes of Land Application Nutrients Plant uptake Adsorption/binding Volatilization Pathogens Immobilization Bacteria degradation Killing or rendered inert by: oxygen, UV light, drying

40. Land Application Agronomic Rates Priority nutrient (N or P) Realistic Yield Expectation �Only apply that nutrient amount which the crop can utilize� - based on the expected crop yield Nutrient removal achieved by crop harvest Many states also plan for residual organic nitrogen Equipment Calibration Insure application rates and patterns

41. Animal Mortality Management Burial Landfills Direst Feeding - alligator production Incineration Digestion Composting Rendering

42. Farm Inspections NC - two inspections or �reviews� are conducted annually on every farm over the animal threshold Division of Water Quality regulatory review and site inspections record keeping Division of Soil and Water Conservation operational review access the need for technical assistance Both inspections use the same form

43. 1997 Inspections - Overview Inspections 3,375 DWQ Inspections 2,662 DSWC Reviews 650 S&WCD Reviews 410 Freeboard violations (statewide - all animals) Discharges - 77 total 56 Dairy 19 Swine 2 Poultry

44. Fines - 1997 128 cases assessed 31 were dismissed Fines $10,000 per day maximum $193,290.29 - Total Range: $200 - $12,638.64 No record keeping violations

45. Other Sources of Information Certification Training for Operators of Animal Waste Management Systems (NC - AG538 A/B) Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook (MWPS-18) Web sites Ag Statistics: US: www.usda.gov/nass/ NC: www.agr.state.nc.us/stats Animal Waste: U of Minn:. www.bae.umn.edu/extens/manure/manure.html NCSU: www.bae.ncsu.edu/bae/programs/extension/manure/awm.html NCSU Soils:ces.soil.ncsu.edu/soilscience/programs/index.htm

46. Animal Waste ManagementIntroduction and BMPs