7. EAF tools for the analysis of exploited ecosystems in the Mediterranean:

1. 7. EAF tools for the analysis of exploited ecosystems in the Mediterranean: c) Ecosystem indicators Dr Sergi Tudela, WWF Mediterranean Programme Office Salammbô, Tunisia, 7-9 September 2005 SCMEE Workshop on Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries

2. In its strongest form, EBFM is understood as arising from a change of paradigm: • Fisheries deal with the use/exploitation of whole ecosystems • Ecosystems are complex entities • There is an important amount of inherent uncertainty related to the knowledge of and predictions on ecosystems • A new precautionary ecosystem-based management approach for fisheries is needed • Under this conceptual framework, there is no room for reductionist, ecosystem-engineering approaches failing to incorporate the underlying systemic paradigm from Tudela & Short (2005)

3. Some immediate management implications: • Management must look for more holistic solutions, accounting for uncertainty. • Classic TROM is of course useful and necessary, but always under a more general EBM context. In fact, some redundancy in management measures is intrinsically a precautionary approach. • A precautionary EBM to Fisheries must be adaptive (trial and error approaches are needed). • New tools are needed for both research and management. • The real danger of an excess of parameterization needs should be avoided: the development of new data-poor (adaptive and precautionary) approaches is essential. • Our predicting expectations from science must somewhat change: we must learn on how to work with qualitative information from Tudela & Short (2005)

4. Some immediate management implications: • Under an EBM approach both concepts conservation and fisheries management achieve a high degree of integration. • Conservation of biodiversity is key to ecosystem functioning. • Redundancy in species’ functionality is essential to prevent ecosystem ‘collapses’ after extensive human-induced degradation (Jackson et al., 2001). So, conserving biodiversity to maximize functional redundancy is a precautionary EBFM tool. • Every species is (or can be) important. Ecosystems are constantly evolving entities, as are the functional roles of species. We can hardly predict and even infer which species are or can be keystone in the ecosystem. • Also, RPs for single-species populations should take due account of the ecological function they play: biomass must be kept at levels allowing the species to play its functional role in the ecosystem. from Tudela & Short (2005)

5. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT EBM Strategic management Indicators derived from ecosystem modeling complexity (“holisticness”) of indicators Tactical management EBM indicators Operational management Reference levels Operational framework for fisheries management Modified from Christensen (2005)

6. Indicators for strategic ecosystem-based management are expected to inform about the structural and functional properties of the exploited system • In contrast, indicators for lower-level, tactical and operational ecosystem-based management are likely to refer to basic biological/ecological aspects They can even be the same as those used in tactical and operational TROM though used to define different operational management frameworks, based on RPs set according to ecosystem-based criteria.

7. Example: Strategic ecosystem-based fisheries management pressure indicator + pressure indicator = state indicator (%PPR) (proxy EO) (TLfishery)

8. The two parameters %PPR and TLfishery , taken together, provide an insight into the intensity of human exploitation of a given marine ecosystem, as regards its overall structure and functioning % PPR exploited ecosystem 2 Different exploited ecosystems/fisheries can be defined and characterised by the value of their % PPR and TLfishery exploited ecosystem 1 TLfishery

9. The composite indicator %PPR- TLfishery inform on the situation of the ecosystem with respect of the ‘sustainability’ of the overall exploitation pattern i.e. 2 different fisheries scenarios % PPR exploited ecosystem 2 exploited ecosystem 1 • Scenario 2 is likely to be less disrupting than Scenario 1 in terms to ecosystem functioning TLfishery

10. The composite indicator %PPR- TLfishery inform on the situation of the ecosystem with respect of the ‘sustainability’ of the overall exploitation pattern i.e. 2 different fisheries scenarios % PPR exploited ecosystem A • Scenario B is likely to be less disrupting than Scenario A in terms to ecosystem functioning exploited ecosystem B TLfishery

11. threshold for ecosystem overfishing extensive ecosystem degradation (EO) %PPR proposed ‘precautionary’ curve for EBFM-based reference points buffer zone ‘healthy’ exploited ecosystem TLfishery

14. EBMSCp:

15. Latest: L index, now with TE (Libralato et al., in press)

17. Apparently strong catch reductions are needed, but … … eradicating IUU catches and strongly improving selectivity (so as to reduce discards) would considerably move fisheries closer to EMSC values