DIANTHUS Carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus )

1. DIANTHUS Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) 3rd in the world Has been known 2000 years a go from mediteranian Planting on 16 century in English, France, German. STI 06

2. At Beginning : flower petal have 1 bunga 1 lapis (merah, putih dan pink) • Wiliam Sim (breeder) 1939 – 1939  gets new hybrid cultivar • Colourfull, stem and big flower. • Annual  become cut flower • 2 type : • SPRAY and STANDAR • STANDAR : maintain 1 branch  1 big flower on terminal shoot. Lateral shoot must be cut off. • SPRAY : terminal shoot cut off, maintain lateral shoot. STI 06

3. Type Standard STI 06

4. Tipe Spray STI 06

5. Growth Requirement • Origin from subtropical  cool weather • In Tropical  high land  temperature 10 – 200C • Temperature influence the generatif growth of plant • At high temperature  plant can grow faster but the flower is small and have small stalk, weak. • If different temperature at day light and night > 100C  many callyx had broken (calyx splitting) • In Indonesia, ideal altitude 1000 m above sea level • Temperature <160C dan day-light <300C • Light intensity need high enough 21.5 klux (2000 fc) • With avarage rate of lighting 10 hours / day • Media : soil-fertile , if soil – clay – sandy whether rich organic material  Good, and pH 6 – 7 STI 06

6. PLANT MAINTENANCE • Reconstruction shading house for the plant • Preparing the field • Prepare irrigation facilities • Prepare for seedling • Planting • Watering • Pinching • Fertilizing • Disbudding • Weeding • Netting • Straighting • Handling Pest and Disease STI 06

7. Reconstruction of shading house • In Indonesia  This plant growing in shading-net house, for protecting of rain • High humidity  caused plant easy to attacked blossom-end root , stem, karat daun and spoiled flower. • Shading – used – transparant plastic  better also covered by anti ultra violet  for long time. Thickness of plastic - 200 mikron with contain of UV 6% until 12% • At normal condition  plastic  1.5 – 2 years • Construction of shading net made by bamboo, wood, iron(besi) depend on financial capital • Principal roof of shading-net  must high  > = 3m • If < 3m  the temperature inside  very hot • Beside – bottom  covered by plastic  1 m above the ground  up side  used insect screen  for air sirculation too STI 06

8. Prepare for the field • Land cultivation  accurate  important to calculate productivity and predict of quality dianthus • Fertile soil  porous  water easy  Oxigen can go into the soil • Root of dianthus  can reach until deepth 1 m  cultivating land within deep of 40cm • Basic fertilizing Organic material high, in new land + 50 % Pukan + 50% compost or 3 – 4 m3 per 100m2 + TSP 6,7 kg + 16 kg PS + 13 kg KCl + 5 kg MgSO4 • Ph 6 – 7 (if < 6 + dolomite) • Must be sterilization – media & field  to avoid Rhizotonia solani, Fusarium, Phytium and nematode – Basamid/Vapam • Basamid 40 gram per m2 can increased become 80 m gram whether soil previously nematode exist inside. STI 06

9. First, watering land until wet  basamid effective • Beside spread, basamid also can dissolved in water 200 g/10 liter air for 5 m2 field (more safety because become poison if smell it  must be mixing • Flatern – compact – sprayed – covered with plastic  for basamid gas not smell out open after 2 weeks • If each of weeks 2x soil  should open and mixing  efective of gas • Handling nematode and weeding STI 06

10. Prepare for planting • Cultivate  spread – flatern  make row  length 1 m  North – South , length of row same with length of shading house (< = 25 m,) • Width of row  50 cm, • Height Row  10 cm • Row flattering by wood or bamboo • After flatter, sprayed herbicide pra growing Goal 2E 1.5cc/l vol solution 10 liter per 100 m2  2 days before planting • Irrigation System Instalation (sprinkler/drip) • Shading net 12/5 cm x 12.5 cm STI 06

11. Prepare for Seedling • Seed  Rooted cutting  age 3 week with height 15 cm (origin from Netherland and Spanyol ) – immediately planting. • Seedling must be free from pest and disease (by Phytosanitary Certificate from breeders) • Require for planting • Flower colour  consument preference • Fulfill the consument request. STI 06

12. Indonesia  like standard dianthus like red, yellow, white, orange, mix 2 colour and combining purple. Interest in Spray  only 5 % • East Asia dan TimTeng – spray 50%, more interest mix colour and purple • Seed rooted – 1998 price 0.4 -0.5 NLG harga include delivery until Cengkareng – and seed should not replant again, so it’s only for 1 production. • First, Aclimatization before planting. • If the field not ready yet, put seed in cold storage for 2 weeks with temperature 5 – 60C STI 06

13. Plant spacing • If it harvested 1x : 40 - 48 seedling/m2 2 – 3 x harvest : 32 – 36 seedling /m2 more than 3x : decrease of productivity • Planting at afternoon  no stress. • Upside the row, should gived shading-net 50% at early planting, released after 1 mst. • Planting not too deep, the bottom of stem  appear in the surface of the soil (prevent busuk pangkal batang affected by Rizoctonia atau Phytium) STI 06

14. Watering • Watering  much enough  use green sprinkler  time of watering  5 minute  purpose plant can contact with soil and the young dianthus keep well-moisture  to decrease transpiration. • At 1st weeks  frequent of watering : 2-3 x / day • If irrigation  with drip  use powersprayer / pesticide sprayer. STI 06

15. 4 – 7 day after plant  plant look fresh  the frequent of watering reduce 2 – 3 x per weeks. • After pinching  plant not allowed to watering 1– 2 weeks ( to stimulate the root growth ) • Watering  if the condition of soil  dry enough with giving more water until kapasitas lapang  O2 can pressure  enter to the soil  because root growth  deep enough. STI 06

16. Pinching • After 3 – 4 weeks, from shoot of leaf  appear lateral shoot (productive shoot)  be a flower. • Make faster lateral shoot growth  pinching terminal shoot • Pinching with hand,  maintain 5 – 6 couple of leaves – expecting growth 4 – 5 lateral shoot of node • Pinching  at 2 – 4 weeks after planting  in early morning ( fresh plant and easy to pinch  do it continuously and step by step  because seed can not grow all together. STI 06

17. Type of pinching as the type type of plant and pattern of production • Single pinch Pinching  1x in terminal shoot – harvest time can calculate and flower  1st grade. • Pinch and a half Single pinch  lateral shoot 10 cm, with cut it ½ from lenghth of lateral shoot  leaved 2-3 couple of leaves. This type pattern  do it when rest time ( masa tenggang ) of flower between 1st flushing and 2nd flushing enough  so it can make stabilize the production, havest time rather difficult to predict  relatively production higher but flower prosentage quality 1 < • Double pinch same with Pinch and a half, but in active shoot  pinching again  target 1 x harvest – 1 x flush. This pattern  well done  in area that in 1 years having a long period of month very hot. STI 06

18. Disbudding • A Method which shoot and flower that not necessary  put off  so that maintain flower  bigger. • Standar type put off all flower and lateral shoot at bottom of flower until 7th shoot from bottom or in the 8th node  do it immediately. • Tipe spray put off shoot terminal on lateral shoot and also 5-7th lateral shoot from bottom of flower  do it immediately. STI 06

19. Because of the lateral shoot not growing all together  disbudding  step by step  4-7 days Weeding • Must be handle  if not  It’s can be potential place for pest and disease. • Wide leave  cut off  but narrow leave put off without damaged the dianthus root. STI 06

20. Netting • Nylon and wire no.18 Benang nilon atau kawat seng no 18  paralel  crosswise plait with no 20 (smaller ) with measure 12.5 – 12.5 cm • Each distance  3 m  there is pole / bamboo / supporting wire. 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm 15 cm 10 cm 100 cm STI 06

21. Straighting • At vegetatif phase (2 – 4 month), every 2 days or in the next stage every 3 days again. • Well done  in the afternoon  when plant flexible enough  not make plant broken. STI 06

22. Fertilizing • N P K Ca Mg Characteristic of fertilizer  soluble and dissolved-well  mix when watering ( fertigation ) If fertilizer difficult to get  applied g/m2  twice every weeks. • April – September  NPK 15 ; 15 ; 15 = 13.38, KCl = 12.8, Urea = 5.06,MgSO4 = 2.8 ,Ca(NO3)2 = 3 • Oktober – Maret  NPK 15 ; 15 ; 15 = 20, KCl =27.25, Urea = 4.4, MgSO4 2.8, Ca(NO3)2 = 3 • Controling EC and pH STI 06

23. Handling pest and disease Main purpose : to decrease and pressthe growth of pest and disease  diantus easy to attacked disease – when the condition is not healthy enough because less mineral and less support of environtment. • Karat daun Penyebab adalah cendawan Uromyces caryophilinus, bercak kuning kecoklatan dibagian bawah daun,tampak tepung coklat kemerahan (spora cendawan)  Terjadi karena daun terlalu lembab  Tiezine (2g/l), Derosal (1cc/l) atau Anvil (1 cc/l)  preventif 1 – 2 minggu 1x -- Daun yang telah terkena – potong dan buang • Busuk pangkal batang Timbul bila lahan tidak disteril dan penanaman terlalu dalam Gejala batang layu dan batang busuk berwarna coklat kehitaman  Previcur 1.5 cc/l, Rovral 92g/l) atau Ditahane 2g/l STI 06

24. Layu batang Menyerang pada flush/krop kedua, saat tangkai bekas bunga yang telah dipotong menjadi kering dan menjuntai kebawah menjangkiti tunas yang tumbuh dibawahnya – Rovral • Busuk bunga Penyebab cendawan Botrytis cinerea – timbul saat musim hujan, udara sangat lembab dan bunga, bunga yang lama disimpan dalam coldstorage juga mudah terkena Rovral pada saat udara lembab, banyak hujan dan kabut • Kutu jingga atau red spider Banyak saat musim panas dan kelembaban udara rendah Ada di daun dan kelopak bunga – mengisap cairan tanaman sehingga daun maupun bunga menjadi kering -- Omite 1 cc/l, Mitac 1cc/l, Nissorum 1cc/l bila parah Agrimec 0.5 cc/l STI 06

25. Thrips Menyerang tanaman yang telah berbunga Menyerang mahkota bunga dengan mengisap cairan bunga yang telah mekar maupun yang kuncup Bunga merah menjadi belang putih dan bung terlihat kering  Confidor 0.5 cc/l setiap minggu • Ulat Menyerang tanaman disemua umur. Tunas apical dimakan pada tanamn muda Pada tanaan tua menyerang mahkota bunga Pestisida kontak Matador 0.5 cc/l, Buldok 0.5 cc/l atau sistemik Tamaron 1 cc/l atau turex 2g/l Pengunaan sebaiknya selang seling per bulan agar hama tidak resisten STI 06

26. Harvest and Post Harvest • After 5 – 6 month after planting  depend on variety  harvest interval until 1,5 – 2 years. • Harvested when flower open up  to avoid broken of sepal flower when post harvest. • Standard type  flattern side – harvest when flower a half rise (pinch brush)  quickly the flower risen up (Candy, Hellas, Orange Triumph) • Standar jagged side -- harvest when size of flower ¾ open up  flower rather slowly growth  difficult to open up  after cutting it (Murcia, Ragio de Sole, Espana) STI 06

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28. Spray – there’s 3 flower complete open up and some flower had a half open up. • If market  not clearly  harvest when the petal still cloesed  keep it to cold storage. • Harvested in early morning  fresh flower  cut sideways at 7th node or 8th from the bottom of flower  use sharp knife or cutter and clean  bottom shoot not followed cut. • Length of stalk  50 – 80 cm depend on variety  store to the shade place  and then bring it to sortage place. • Leaves cut off  20 cm from the bottom  make between 10 – 20 per string, neatly well-arranged. • If 10 stalk per string  neatly well-arranged • 20 stalk per string  arrange 2 level. 2 stage  10 same above 6 : 8 string, some of them make stage and the last  arranged it in below. • Cut same the stalk and stem  wrap it with paper or selofan STI 06

29. 1 st Quality I : big stalk, straight, not weak  length 50 – 60 cm big flower as same as variety and free from pest and disease. • Kualitas II : smaller stalk  rather bent  weak  length 35 – 50  a little trace of attack pest and disease  but still good enough. • Soak to the water that contain silver thio sulfat (STS) ex: Chrystal AVB 1 cc/liter for 2 – 4 hour for make longer vase life • Keep it at 80 – 90% humidity • In cold storage  can survive 2 – 3 weeks  with temperature 1 – 20C in box • The size of box : 80 x 40 x 20 cm and make a hole in left and right side  to circulation. • Can contain 24 – 30 dianthus each : 10 stalk STI 06

30. Before to the market  take off  placed in temperature 200C  to make risen up the day before. • When it put off from cold storage  flower look dry and wilted  bottom of stalk  cut 2 cm and then soak it to the hot water 5 – 10 secon  flower will be recovery again  fresh and well rise  re-sortage  Market. • If the short distance  put it to the bucket that fill with waater. • If long distance  get it to store in carton box  with pre cooling in coldstorage --- delivered with box car  having cold storage  100C. STI 06

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