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Cell Division: Understanding Chromosomes and Reproduction

Explore the essential part of the cell involving DNA, chromosomes, and cell division processes like mitosis and meiosis. Learn about chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and the vocabulary related to cell division and reproduction. Dive into the fascinating world of macromolecules and genetic instructions, all explained in a digestible format from Chapter 8, pages 144-151.

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Cell Division: Understanding Chromosomes and Reproduction

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  1. Cell Division Chapter 8 pg 144-151

  2. Most important part of cell… • The instructions, DNA • Macromolecule – Nucleic Acid made of nucleotides – 4 different types • DNA is organized into chromosomes • Like wrapping christmas lights • When they are copied they are held together by a centromere until they can be divided safely

  3. Chromosome Numbers • Some chromosomes determine the sex of an organism; sex chromosomes • Can carry other genes • Autosomes are non sex chromosomes • All organisms have a different number of chromosomes • Humans = 46 • Cat = 32 • Dog = 78 • Lettuce = 18

  4. Chromosome Numbers • Sexual vs Asexual reproduction: • Two or one parents • Two copies of everything or one • You get instructions on how to make your nose from Mom AND Dad – the SAME object but a different brand • Both give you a cell phone but one is an iphone and the other is a droid • These are called HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

  5. Karyotype – a picture of your chromosomes • Can detect disorders • Identify male or female • Diploid – having two sets of chromosomes 2n • Haploid – having one set 1n • Humans Diploid = 46 Haploid = 23 • 23 from MOM + 23 from DAD = 46 • More or less = bad

  6. Cell Division • Asexual Reproduction is called Binary Fission • Occurs in prokaryotic organisms • In eukaryotes, (us), there are two types of cell division • Mitosis – occurs for growth and repair • Meiosis – occurs for sexual reproduction

  7. Cell Cycle • 5 parts • G1 – growth • S – synthesis of DNA • G2 – growth and preparation • M – Cell Division • In Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase • Cytokinesis – final division of the cell • G0 – cells just are; no division

  8. Mitosis • Prophase- nucleus dissolves, Spindle forms between centrioles, DNA forms into chromosomes • Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middle, centrioles make it to poles • Anaphase- chromatids separate and move, cell starts to pinch • Telophase- chromosomes reach poles, spindle dissolves, nucleus forms, • Cytokinesis- cytoplasm finally divides

  9. Vocabulary to include: • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • G0 phase • G1 phase • S Phase • G2 Phase • M Phase • Binary Fission • Mitosis • Meiosis • Interphase • Cell Cycle • Cytokinesis • Additional Vocabulary: • Centrosomes • Centrioles • Spindle Fibers • Cleavage Furrow • Cell Plate • Chromosome • Sister Chromatids • Centromere • Chromatin • Autosome/Sex Chromosome • Haploid • Diploid • Homologous Chromosomes • Karyotype • 30 Words

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