Cogsci/Psychology 127: Lecture 27 Catching Up/Summing Up

1. Cogsci/Psychology 127: Lecture 27 Catching Up/Summing Up

2. Announcements New postings of lecture notes: Bspace https://bspace.berkeley.edu/portal/site/712dd6d6-8012-4634-b0c7- 4124b20b7146/page/9f805fa2-2d3a-44cb-b21b-88c59a91b0be Lecture notes found under Resources Exam 3 Review session: Tonight! 6 pm, Tolman 5101 In class exam, Wed. Dec 10th No final

3. Current Directions in Social and Affective Neuroscience • Shift from localization question to computational question

4. Computational Perspective: Functional Accounts of Distributed Affective Representations Emotion Associated Brain Areas Functional Hypotheses Fear Amgydala learning, avoidance Anger Orbitofrontal, control behavior of others, Ant. Cingulate indicate social violations Disgust Anterior Insula, links to gustatory, olfactory Medial Frontal cortices Sadness RH Temporal Lobe, RH and withdrawal Amgydala Pain Posterior Insula, ??? Ant. Cingulate attention?, conflict?

5. Current Directions in Social and Affective Neuroscience • Shift from localization question to computational question • Study of complex emotions • Flirtatiousness • Embarrassment (oxytocin!) • Awe (and the Berkeley Greater Good Center)

6. Current Directions in Social and Affective Neuroscience • Shift from localization question to computational question • Study of complex emotions • Are there different systems for positive emotions? Localization approach: Positive facial expression literature is much messier. No consistent pattern for contrasts like Smiling - Neutral

7. Current Directions in Social and Affective Neuroscience 1. Shift from localization question to computational question 2. Study of complex emotions 3. Are there different systems for positive emotions? Localization approach: Positive facial expression literature is much messier. No consistent pattern for contrasts like Smiling - Neutral Computational issues: Consider functional differences Negative: Need to take an immediate action. Positive: Warm, fuzzy feeling; modification of behavior over long run.

8. Current Directions in Social and Affective Neuroscience • Shift from localization question to computational question • Study of complex emotions • Are there different systems for positive emotions? • Reward circuits Natural rewards sex (orgasm), food (chocolate) Secondary reinforcers money, luxury items, drugs Are common neural systems engaged for both types of reinforcement?

9. The Neurobiology of Consumerism

10. Ventral striatum: Dopamine-rich area activated in studies of sex, food

11. Ventral striatum: Dopamine-rich area activated in studies of sex, food Two caveats 1. Sponsored by Damlier-Chrysler Corp. 2. Implications for understanding pathologies such as substance abuse or compulsive behavior.

12. Analysis of reward system in pathological conditions: • Drug addicts: Compare viewing films of erotic scenes or their favorite drug den.

13. Analysis of reward system in pathological conditions: 2. Obsessive gamblers: Reduced activation of ventral striatum following successful gambles. Select card and win 1 pound if red; else lose 1 pound Ventral Striatum Controls Gamblers

14. Analysis of reward system in pathological conditions: 2. Obsessive gamblers: Reduced activation of ventral striatum following successful gambles. Ventral Striatum: Dopamine region and reinforcement. Minimally affected in early PD where dopamine loss is mainly in dorsal striatum. Consequences of L-Dopa therapy?

15. Analysis of reward system in pathological conditions: 2. Obsessive gamblers: Reduced activation of ventral striatum following successful gambles. Ventral Striatum: Dopamine region and reinforcement. Minimally affected in early PD where dopamine loss is mainly in dorsal striatum. Consequences of L-Dopa therapy? Increased incidence of pathological gambling in medicated PD patients.

16. Summing Up: Key Concepts • Distributed representations • Computation-based analysis, not task-based • Process and representation • Perception as memory, memory as perception • Parallel processing • Dumb is Beautiful

17. Posner’s predictions in 1996 of the Table of Contents for the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2005 (from 1st Edition of Cog Neuro Textbook) Communication between brain areas involved in first and second language comprehension. Age of expression of genes coding for extroversion. Laser images of neuronal activity in parietal cortex during mental rotation. Pharmacological study to reduce loss of brain plasticity with age. Size of brain areas devoted to expert-specific categorization: A functional MRI study.

18. Posner’s predictions in 1996 of the 2005 Table of Contents Communication between brain areas involved in first and second language. Age of expression of genes coding for extroversion. Laser images of neuronal activity in parietal cortex during mental rotation. (transcranial optical imaging: DeSoto M. et al. When in doubt, do it both ways: Brain evidence of the simultaneous activation of conflicting motor responses in a spatial stroop task. J Cogn Neuro 2001 Pharmacological study to reduce loss of brain plasticity with age. Size of brain areas devoted to expert-specific categorization: A functional MRI study. Rosenbaum, R. et al. Where to? Remote memory for spatial relations and landmark identity in former taxi drivers… J Cogn Neuro 2005

19. Hot Topics in Present and Coming Years • Improved and new techniques (imaging, cellular) dTCS: direct transcortical stimulation connectivity analysis combinatorial methods: fMRI and TMS, fMRI and EEG • Computational questions for imaging rather than descriptive neurology “Past Picking the Low Hanging Fruit” • Decoding brain signals Brain reading: Test of a good model. Brain Machine Interface: Using the model for rehab purposes. • Individual differences: Personalizing the brain. Relating BOLD to individual variation rather than group effects. Genetic approaches to understand emotional reactivity, cognitive control. e.g., amygdala and extroversion Gene and environment interactions. London study of sociopathy

20. Hot Topics in Present and Coming Years • 5. Relationship of perception, action, and knowledge • Mirror neuron craze: embodied cognition and development • 6. Social neuroscience: • Virtual Reality based interactions in scanner. • Neuroeconomics • Plasticity, rehabilitation, and enhancement Expertise and neuroanatomy Brain-Machine Interface systems and Neuroprosthetics Predicting motor recovery based on fMRI post-stroke TMS-induced facilitation of recovery from aphasia Cognitive enhancement via drugs, training (and neuroethics) • This weeks’ Nature: • “Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy.” (see class website)

21. Hot Topics in Present and Coming Years • 5. Relationship of perception, action, and knowledge • Mirror neuron craze: embodied cognition and development • 6. Social neuroscience: • Virtual Reality based interactions in scanner. • Neuroeconomics • Plasticity, rehabilitation, and enhancement • 8. Your imagination….

22. Summer Schools and Internships: Search WEB National Institute of Health Summer Program www.ninds.nih.gov/jobs_and_training/summer/ Carnegie Mellon-Univ. of Pittsburgh www.cnbc.cmu.edu/OtherTrain/ Colorado State University www.reu.colostate.edu/reu/index.htm New York University ??? www/cns.nyu.edu/undergrad/ Duke ??? http://www.mind.duke.edu/training/ List of Graduate Programs: POSTED ON WEBSITE Research Opportunities: See Helen Wills Neuroscience Psychology Bulletin Board