1 / 41

Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence

17. Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence. Toddlers. Age 12 to 36 months Rapid growth rate of infancy begins to slow Gain 5.5 to 7.5 inches, average 9 to 11 pounds Higher energy expended for increased activity levels

svein
Download Presentation

Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 17 Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence

  2. Toddlers • Age 12 to 36 months • Rapid growth rate of infancy begins to slow • Gain 5.5 to 7.5 inches, average 9 to 11 pounds • Higher energy expended for increased activity levels • Increased nutrient needs are based on their larger body size

  3. Toddlers • Macronutrients: • Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) varies according to the toddler’s age, body weight, and level of activity • 30−40% of total kcal from fat • 1.1 grams of protein per kg body weight • 130 grams carbohydrates per day (most of the carbohydrates should be complex) • 14 grams fiber per 1,000 kcal/day

  4. Toddlers • Micronutrients: • Ensure adequate intake of the micronutrients obtained from fruits and vegetables, including: vitamins A, C, E, calcium, iron, zinc, potassium • Until age 2, drink whole milk for calcium • Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutrient deficiency in young children

  5. Toddlers • Fluid needs: active toddler may need more • Physicians may recommend supplements: • Toddlers with erratic eating habits • Fluoride supplement, if the community water supply is not fluoridated • Vegan families • Medical conditions or dietary restrictions • Supplement should not exceed 100% Daily Value for any nutrient per dose

  6. Nutritious Food Choices • Most are able to match intake with needs • Healthful variety of food available • Food should not be forced on a child • Frequent small meals for small stomach • Developmentally appropriate foods • Small portions, limited healthful alternatives • Role modeling is important

  7. Allergy Watch • Continue to watch for common food allergies: wheat, peanuts, cow’s milk, soy, citrus, egg whites, seafood • Introduce one new food at a time

  8. Vegetarian Families • Eggs and dairy: part of a healthful diet • Vegan diet may be low in protein, minerals (calcium, iron, zinc), vitamins (D and B12) • High fiber may impair iron and zinc absorption and promote a premature sense of “fullness” at mealtimes • Fortified foods and supplement use to ensure adequate nutrition

  9. Children • Growth slows: average gain 2–4 in./year • Values for most nutrients increase • For children ages 6−11 years: USDA developed a MyPyramid for Kids • Sexual maturation begins ages of 8 and 9: DRI values are separately defined for boys and girls beginning at age 9

  10. Macronutrients • Total fat intake should gradually drop to a level closer to adult fat intake • 25−35% of total energy from fat • 130 grams carbohydrate per day • 14 grams fiber per 1,000 kcal • 0.95 grams protein per kg body weight

  11. Micronutrients • Consuming adequate fruits and vegetables in the diet continues to be a concern (vitamins A, C, and E, fiber and potassium) • “Milk displacement”—low-calcium diets also tend to be low in other nutrients • RDAs for iron and zinc also increase

  12. Nutritious Food Choices • Peer pressure encourages unhealthful food choices • Families who plan, prepare, and eat meals together are more successful at promoting good food choices

  13. School • School breakfasts: optimize nutrient intake and avoid behavioral and learning problems from hunger in the classroom • No monitoring for adequacy of food eaten • Soft drinks and snack foods in school • School lunches: what’s actually eaten (not planned/served) tends to be higher in fat • Options to entice healthful selections

  14. Nutrition-Related Concerns • Iron-deficiency anemia • Dental caries • Body image • Food insecurity

  15. Adolescents • Adolescence continues to 18 years • Puberty: secondary sexual characteristics develop; capacity for reproduction • Emotions and behaviors unpredictable and confusing

  16. Adolescents • Growth spurts begin at age 10−11 for girls, 12−13 for boys • Average 20−25% increase in height • Skeletal growth ceases closure of the epiphyseal plates • Weight and body composition also change

  17. Macronutrients • EER for adolescents is based on gender, age, activity level, height, and weight • 25−35% of total energy from fat • <10% of total energy from saturated fat • 45−65% of kcal from carbohydrates • 0.85 grams protein per kg body weight • 26−38 grams of fiber per day

  18. Micronutrients • Calcium intakes must be sufficient for achieving peak bone density: 1,300 mg/day • Iron needs are relatively high: 11 mg/day for boys, 15 mg/day for girls • Vitamin A is critical for supporting rapid growth and development • Supplement should not be considered a substitute for a balanced, healthful diet

  19. Fluid Recommendations • The need to maintain fluid intake is increased with higher activity levels • Boys: 11 cups/day • Girls: 10 cups/day • Importance of including water

  20. Nutritious Food Choices • Parents can act as role models • Strong influence of peers, mass media, personal preferences • Encourage whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and milk or calcium-rich beverages

  21. Nutrition-Related Concerns • Adequate calcium maximizes bone calcium uptake and bone mineral density • Disordered eating and eating disorders can begin in these years • Acne and diet • Cigarette smoking, alcohol, and illegal drugs can have an impact on nutrition

  22. Pediatric Obesity • Overweight: BMI above the 85th percentile of the same age and gender • Obese: BMI above the 95th percentile • Higher risk of health problems: • Exacerbates asthma • Causes sleep apnea • Impairs the child’s mobility • Leads to intense teasing • Low self-esteem • Social isolation

  23. Pediatric Obesity • Greater risk for type 2 diabetes, high blood lipids, high blood pressure, gallstones, depression, and other medical problems • Higher risk of becoming overweight adults • Reversal of pediatric obesity can be accomplished through an aggressive, comprehensive nationwide health campaign

  24. Pediatric Obesity • Early tendency during toddler years • Monitor if >80th percentile for weight • Encourage physical activity • Limit foods with low nutrient density • Early intervention is often the most effective measure against lifelong obesity ABC Video Obesity in Children

  25. Role of the Family • Provide nutritious food choices • Encourage a healthful breakfast • Sit down to a shared family meal each evening or as often as possible • No television at mealtimes: encourage attentive eating, enjoyment of the food • Parents should retain control over the purchasing and preparation of food

  26. Role of the School • Federal school lunch program: limit the amount of fat, sugar, and sodium served • Many schools sell foods and beverages that exceed federal guidelines • Nutrition education programs: health departments, Dairy Councils • Consistent and repeated school-based messages on good nutrition

  27. Physical Activity • Recommendation: daily physical activity and exercise for at least an hour each day • Bone- and muscle-strengthening activities at least 3 days each week • Encourage noncompetitive, fun, and structured activities in ways that allow self-pacing • Fitness Pyramid for Kids: guide children toward a physically active lifestyle

  28. Physical Activity • Parental and adult role models • Shared activities: ball games, bicycle rides • Television/electronic games: < 2 hours/day • Electronic games: virtual tennis, step aerobics, dancing, other active simulations

  29. Physical Activity • Overweight children can “catch up” to their weight as they grow taller without restricting food (nutrient) intake • Acquire motor skills and muscle strength • Establish good sleep patterns • Develop self-esteem; lower stress • Optimize bone mass • Enhance cardiovascular and respiratory function

  30. Physical Activity • Physically fit children: • Have improved behavior • Are more attentive • Are more focused • Have higher levels of academic achievement • Parents, healthcare providers, and community members can work with school boards to optimize opportunities for physical activity

More Related