Chapter 5 Road to Independence: 1763-1776

1. Chapter 5 Road to Independence: 1763-1776

2. Section 1: Taxation Without Representation

3. Relations with Britain • Britain gained many new possessions as a result of victory in the French and Indian War. • Britain decided to halt colonial expansion with the Proclamation of 1763. Why?

4. Reasons • The British government could control colonial expansion • Conflict with Native Americans could be avoided • It would keep most colonists near the coast, which was better for British investments • The British wanted to control the fur trade

5. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ • Britain needed more revenue because former Prime Minister William Pitt had used Britain’s money to pay the cost of the French and Indian War. • New Prime Minister George Grenville decided to crack down on the colonists by enforcing existing laws.

6. Salutary Neglect • For many years, Britain had not heavily taxed the colonies, had not enforced the 1733 Molasses Act, and had not cracked down on colonial smuggling in violation of the Act. • This period in which Britain took a mostly “hands-off” approach to the Thirteen Colonies is called one of salutary, or beneficial, neglect, because the colonies did well financially as a result. • "That I know that the colonies in general owe little or nothing to any care of ours, and that they are not squeezed into this happy form by the constraints of watchful and suspicious government, but that, through a wise and salutary neglect, a generous nature has been suffered to take her own way to perfection; when I reflect upon these effects, when I see how profitable they have been to us, I feel all the pride of power sink, and all presumption in the wisdom of human contrivances melt, and die away within me." (Burke p. 186)

7. Vice-admiralty Courts • Grenville decided that American juries too often let guilty smugglers go free. Parliament passed a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts, run by military officers. • Of what right does this remind you? • Public trial by jury. (6th Amendment of the Bill of Rights)

8. Writs of Assistance • In 1767 Parliament authorized writs of assistance, allowing customs officers to enter anywhere to look for smuggled goods. • Of what right does this remind you? • The right against unreasonable search and seizure. (4th Amendment of the Bill of Rights)

9. The Sugar Act (1764) • Parliament passed a law lowering the tax on molasses imported by the colonists (by half). Why? • The idea was to convince the colonists it was better to pay the tax instead of smuggling. Did it work? • No. • The act also let officers seize goods from smugglers without going to court.

10. The Stamp Act (1765) • Parliament decided to raise money another way – by requiring all printed materials in the colonies to have taxed stamps on them.

11. Virginia: Response • Patrick Henry, of the Virginia House of Burgesses, argued against the Stamp Act, saying:“If this be treason, make the most of it!” • The House passed a resolution saying it had “the only and exclusive right and power to lay taxes” on its citizens.

12. Massachusetts: Response • Samuel Adams helped to start the Sons of Liberty – they did public, organized protests against the Stamp Act. • Protestors also burned figured of tax collectors, called effigies. Some even raided and destroyed the property of royal officials.

13. The Declaratory Act (1766) • Parliament repealed the 1765 Stamp Act, but on the very same day passed the 1766 Declaratory Act. • The act asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the British colonies “in all cases.” • Why would that upset the colonists?

14. The Townshend Acts (1767) • Parliament passed another set of laws that applied only to imported goods, the taxes being paid at the ports. • The taxes were on basic goods that the colonists needed to import because they didn’t produce them. • The colonists against responded with a boycott of imported British goods.

15. The Daughters of Liberty • Some women who protested the Townshend Acts and supported the boycott of British goods organized as the Daughters of Liberty. • They told women to take steps to make the colonies more economically independent.

16. Section 1 Assessment 1) Write sentences or short paragraphs in which you use the following groups of terms correctly: (1) revenue and writs of assistance; (2) resolution, effigy, boycott, nonimportation, and repeal. - Answers vary. 2) State two reasons for the deterioration of relations between the British and the colonists. - Colonists felt the Proclamation of 1763 restricted freedom, did not want to pay for the French and Indian War, did not believe in taxation without representation, and were alarmed by British troops stationed in the colonies. 3) Why did the colonists think the writs of assistance violated their rights? - Colonists were horrified that government officials could enter their homes without warning.

17. Section 1 Assessment 4) Why did British policies following the French and Indian War lead to increased tensions with American colonists? - Colonists thought British policies would curtail their freedoms and were angered by Britain’s series of taxes. 5) Re-create the diagram below and describe the effects of these British actions. • Sugar Act - - - - - Colonists alarmed about losing basic rights • Stamp Act - - - - - Protests, refusal to use stamps, boycott of goods • Townshend Acts - - - - - boycott of British goods 6) Review the map on page 133. The Proclamation of 1763 banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Why did the British government want to halt western movement? - To minimize conflict with Native American groups.

18. Section 2: Building Colonial Unity

19. The Boston Massacre • The British brought more troops into the Boston area to try and keep the peace. An angry mob started throwing things at the soldiers and the soldiers fired, killing five people. • One of the people killed was Crispus Attucks, part African American and part Native American.

20. Colonial Perspective • From the perspective of people in the colonies, British troops had attacked peaceful townspeople. • This engraving by Paul Revere shows them using propaganda to inflame public opinion against the British.

21. Committees of Correspondence • These were organized groups dedicated to spreading word about colonial grievances and bringing protestors together. • When tensions lessened, these groups tried to intensify those tensions so that people wouldn’t forget about their grievances.

22. The Tea Act (1773) • Great Britain passed a law meant to help out the British East India Company. The British only allowed the colonies to import British East India tea. This reduced the company’s surplus of tea.

23. The Boston Tea Party • A number of colonists dressed up as Native Americans and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor.

24. Quartering Act (1765 and 1774) • Since Britain had to keep so many soldiers in the colonies to protect the and their investments, they needed the soldiers to stay somewhere. • The colonies wouldn’t pay the cost of housing them…so the British Parliament required the colonists to house the British troops. • Most colonies (except PA) found ways around the ’65 act. The ‘74 act added on and was a response to the Boston Tea Party.

25. Defense or Occupation? • Of which right does this remind you? • The right against the quartering of troops. (3rd Amendment to the Bill of Rights.)

26. The Coercive Acts (1774) • King George III and Parliament decided to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party. • The Coercive Acts: • Closed Boston Harbor completely until the colonists of Massachusetts paid for the tea • Banned town meetings, ending most self-government in New England • Allowed royal officers to be tried for crimes in other colonies or in Britain

27. The Quebec Act (1774) • The Quebec Act gave a large portion of the land gained from the French and Indian War to the Province of Quebec, and it gave religious freedom to the Catholics there.

28. The Intolerable Acts

29. Section 2 Assessment 1) Use these terms in sentences that relate to the Boston Massacre: propaganda, committee of correspondence - Answers vary. 2) How did colonial leaders use the Boston Massacre to their advantage? - The event was used as propaganda to drum up support against the British. 3) Why were committees of correspondence powerful organizations? - They spread political ideas and united opposition to British rule.

30. Section 2 Assessment 4) Do you think the Boston Tea Party was a turning point in the relationship between the British and the colonists? Explain. - Answers vary, but remember that it was the most dramatic act of defiance by the colonists up until that time. 5) Re-create the diagram below and describe how colonists showed their opposition to British policies. - Increased colonial opposition: use of propaganda, revival of committees of correspondence, calls for new boycotts, and refusal of British shipments of tea. 6) Examine the material about the Boston Tea Party on page 138. What artifacts are shown? - A chest and glass container of tea When did the “tea party” take place? - December 16, 1773

31. Section 3: A Call to Arms

32. The First Continental Congress (1774) • September 5-October 26, 1774 • Delegates from most of the colonies met to discuss what to do about Great Britain.

33. Congressional Delegates • Fifty-six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies • George Washington – VA • Richard Henry Lee – VA • Patrick Henry – VA • John Adams – successful lawyer, MA • Samuel Adams – cousin of Adams, MA • John Jay – successful lawyer, NY • Joseph Galloway – PA • John Dickinson – PA • Peyton Randolph (president) –VA

34. Decisions 1) Called for the repeal of 13 British Acts since 1763. Q: What beneficial thing did the colonists want the British to restore? A: Salutary neglect. 2) Voted to boycott all British goods. Q: Why would they want to stop purchasing British goods? A: To deprive the British of any benefits from their economic policy of mercantilism. The idea was to pressure them to restore salutary neglect rather than to continue with the new taxes and enforcing the laws against smuggling. 3) Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves – people of Suffolk County in MA, and elsewhere, should arm themselves and form militias against the British. Q: Why would this increase tension? A: When you have two sides armed with guns, there’s a good chance that someone will end up firing a shot.

35. Militias • The colonists formed militias, primarily in Massachusetts.

36. Minutemen • Companies of militiamen came to be called minutemen because they boasted about being able to fight at a minute’s notice.

37. Gunning for the Guns • General Thomas Gage of the British was ordered, by April of 1775, to seize the weapons of the colonial militias and arrest the militia leaders. • Of what right does this remind you? • The right to keep and bear arms. (Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights.)

38. “The British are Coming!” • General Gage learned the colonists were keeping weapons at Concord, about 20 miles southwest of Boston. 700 troops marched to take the weapons. • April 18, 1775 –Dr. Joseph Warren noticed the troops marching from Boston to Concord, and told Paul Revere and William Dawes (members of the Sons of Liberty) to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock.

39. The Midnight Ride of Paul Revereby Henry Wadsworth Longfellow • Listen my children and you shall hearOf the midnight ride of Paul Revere,On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five;Hardly a man is now aliveWho remembers that famous day and year. He said to his friend, "If the British marchBy land or sea from the town to-night,Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry archOf the North Church tower as a signal light,--One if by land, and two if by sea;And I on the opposite shore will be,Ready to ride and spread the alarmThrough every Middlesex village and farm,For the country folk to be up and to arm." • Then he said "Good-night!" and with muffled oarSilently rowed to the Charlestown shore,Just as the moon rose over the bay,Where swinging wide at her moorings layThe Somerset, British man-of-war;A phantom ship, with each mast and sparAcross the moon like a prison bar,And a huge black hulk, that was magnifiedBy its own reflection in the tide. • Meanwhile, his friend through alley and streetWanders and watches, with eager ears,Till in the silence around him he hearsThe muster of men at the barrack door,The sound of arms, and the tramp of feet,And the measured tread of the grenadiers,Marching down to their boats on the shore.

40. Then he climbed the tower of the Old North Church,By the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread,To the belfry chamber overhead,And startled the pigeons from their perchOn the sombre rafters, that round him madeMasses and moving shapes of shade,--By the trembling ladder, steep and tall,To the highest window in the wall,Where he paused to listen and look downA moment on the roofs of the townAnd the moonlight flowing over all. • Beneath, in the churchyard, lay the dead,In their night encampment on the hill,Wrapped in silence so deep and stillThat he could hear, like a sentinel's tread,The watchful night-wind, as it wentCreeping along from tent to tent,And seeming to whisper, "All is well!"A moment only he feels the spellOf the place and the hour, and the secret dreadOf the lonely belfry and the dead;For suddenly all his thoughts are bentOn a shadowy something far away,Where the river widens to meet the bay,--A line of black that bends and floatsOn the rising tide like a bridge of boats. • Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride,Booted and spurred, with a heavy strideOn the opposite shore walked Paul Revere.Now he patted his horse's side,Now he gazed at the landscape far and near,Then, impetuous, stamped the earth,And turned and tightened his saddle girth;But mostly he watched with eager searchThe belfry tower of the Old North Church,As it rose above the graves on the hill,Lonely and spectral and sombre and still.And lo! as he looks, on the belfry's heightA glimmer, and then a gleam of light!He springs to the saddle, the bridle he turns,But lingers and gazes, till full on his sightA second lamp in the belfry burns.

41. A hurry of hoofs in a village street,A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark,And beneath, from the pebbles, in passing, a sparkStruck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet;That was all! And yet, through the gloom and the light,The fate of a nation was riding that night;And the spark struck out by that steed, in his flight,Kindled the land into flame with its heat.He has left the village and mounted the steep,And beneath him, tranquil and broad and deep,Is the Mystic, meeting the ocean tides;And under the alders that skirt its edge,Now soft on the sand, now loud on the ledge,Is heard the tramp of his steed as he rides. • It was twelve by the village clockWhen he crossed the bridge into Medford town.He heard the crowing of the cock,And the barking of the farmer's dog,And felt the damp of the river fog,That rises after the sun goes down. • It was one by the village clock,When he galloped into Lexington.He saw the gilded weathercockSwim in the moonlight as he passed,And the meeting-house windows, black and bare,Gaze at him with a spectral glare,As if they already stood aghastAt the bloody work they would look upon. • It was two by the village clock,When he came to the bridge in Concord town.He heard the bleating of the flock,And the twitter of birds among the trees,And felt the breath of the morning breezeBlowing over the meadow brown.And one was safe and asleep in his bedWho at the bridge would be first to fall,Who that day would be lying dead,Pierced by a British musket ball. • You know the rest. In the books you have readHow the British Regulars fired and fled,---How the farmers gave them ball for ball,> From behind each fence and farmyard wall,Chasing the redcoats down the lane,Then crossing the fields to emerge againUnder the trees at the turn of the road,And only pausing to fire and load. • So through the night rode Paul Revere;And so through the night went his cry of alarmTo every Middlesex village and farm,---A cry of defiance, and not of fear,A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door,And a word that shall echo for evermore!For, borne on the night-wind of the Past,Through all our history, to the last,In the hour of darkness and peril and need,The people will waken and listen to hearThe hurrying hoof-beats of that steed,And the midnight message of Paul Revere.

42. Battle of Lexington (1775) • April 19, 1775 • The British soldiers reached Lexington, only to find eighty minutemen. • Shots were fired (no one knows who fired first), and eight minutemen were killed.

43. Battle of Concord (1775) • April 19, 1775 • The British moved on to Concord, but discovered that most of the weapons had been moved. • Minutemen waited for the British at the North Bridge, and attacked them with guerilla warfare, hiding behind objects and firing at the British soldiers.

44. The Concord Hymnby Ralph Waldo Emerson By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood  And fired the shot heard round the world. The foe long since in silence slept; Alike the conqueror silent sleeps; And Time the ruined bridge has swept  Down the dark stream which seaward creeps. On this green bank, by this soft stream,   We set today a votive stone; That memory may their deed redeem,  When, like our sires, our sons are gone. Spirit, that made those heroes dare   To die, and leave their children free, Bid Time and Nature gently spare  The shaft we raise to them and thee.

45. Fort Ticonderoga • Benedict Arnold, captain in CT militia, joined with Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys and seized Fort Ticonderoga (on Lake Champlain, across from Vermont) on May 10, 1975.

46. The Cannons • The militia would later take the cannons from the captured fort and use them to drive the British out of Boston.

47. The Battle of Bunker Hill • Around 1,200 militiamen set up fortifications at Bunker Hill and Breed’s Hill. • Trying to preserve ammunition, Colonel Prescott famously said, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.” • After three charges, the British took both hills, but suffered over a thousand dead or wounded. • The battle was a “phyricvictory” – a victory with a cost so high that it does not seem worth it. • For the colonists, the battle could be said to be a “moral victory” – as a result, many more colonists joined the cause against Great Britain.

48. Loyalists • Loyalists did not consider unfair taxes and regulations, or the various aspects of the Intolerable Acts, as sufficient reasons for rebellion. • Some were royal officeholders or were out of the thick of things. • Some thought that Britain was simply going to win (and at the time, could you blame them?).

49. Patriots • The Patriots were those who were determined to fight the British. A growing number of them supported full-blown independence. • These guys? • Or these guys?

50. Section 3 Assessment 1) One of the following terms does not belong with the other three. Identify the term that does not belong and explain why. Terms: militia, minutemen, Loyalist, Patriots - Loyalist; the other groups fought or rebelled against Great Britain. 2) What decisions were made by the First Continental Congress? - Called for the repeal of several laws; called for a boycott of British goods; voted to form a militia. 3) Why did the Continental Congress pass a resolution to form militias? - So that the colonies would be ready if fighting broke out.