Chapter 28

1. Chapter 28 Descent into WWI and the Crisis in the European World Order

2. Chapter Themes • WWI has a dramatic impact • Creates growing social, political and economic pressure within European colonies, many of which are theaters for combat • Distracts European powers from the growing threat of revolution in colonies • Creates the first wave of decolonization • Devastates much of Europe in a variety of ways—economically, politically, socially, psychologically, demographically…

3. The Coming of the Great War • Remember the “MAIN”—militarism, alliance systems, imperialism and nationalism • These forces collide to create a tense continent of hostile alliances • All that is needed is a “spark”, an event to ignite conflict across the entire continent

4. The Long March to War (the long-term causes) • Germany’s Growing Power • Drives Russia into alliance w/France & GB (would create a two-front war) • France wants to recover Alsace-Lorraine • GB upset it has been surpassed • Alliance System • Triple Entente vs. Central Powers (Italy remains the one major European power whose allegiance remains unclear) • Imperialist Rivalries/Militarism • Heightens nationalism/tensions as nations compete for territory • Creates an arms race, especially in the navy (GB vs. Germany) • Domestic Tensions • Industrial nations see widespread labor unrest (esp. Russia) • Leaders appeal for peace in the name of national unity

5. The Outbreak of War (the short- term causes) • Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian Gavrilo Princip • Austria-Hungary makes demands Serbia cannot meet (to force a war) • Alliances kick in (Russia vows support for Serbia) • Germany moves fast to fight on two fronts (Schlieffen Plan) • Rest of the allies enter the fray

6. A World at War

7. The War in Europe • New weaponry creates losses in the millions • Schlieffen plan • fails and war quickly turns into • a stalemate • Aided by use of trench warfare

8. The War in the East & Italy • Austria-Hungary • Poor leadership/multiethnic armies create an incapable and not completely loyal corps • Had limited success against Italy, but fighting in Alps leads to disaster • Russia • Poorly led/trained troops mobilize quickly but are decimated by better prepared German troops • Crisis of leadership extend to the Tsar (Nicholas II) and will lead to his overthrow

9. Home Fronts in Europe • Major disconnect between those at home & what was happening at the front • “Total war” effort • State control of resources • Use of state sponsored propaganda • Sped up industrial developments already in place • Women’s participation in the labor force increases; sparks even greater changes in traditional gender roles (most advances lost after men return from the front) • Power of organizations increased • Socialists/trade unions become powerful critics of the war • Labor protests become pronounced in Russia & Germany

10. WWI Propaganda • US posters depicting Germans as “barbarians” and “monsters”

11. Russian WWI Propaganda • Russian postcard Skobelev Committee of Care for Wounded. Published by Union of St. Petersburg, Russian Empire, pre-1917. The card shows German alliance being carried in a basket. All of them, even German, have stereotyped Jewish noses. The only non-Jewish person is the Russian hero with a sword and banner.

12. This poster is a 1915 German propaganda poster related to German upset over the L'Entente Cordiale agreement of 1904. Depicts Britain as a huge spider attacking "Turquie" (Turkey) while eating a French soldier and  with a German eagle sitting regally and proudly overhead, Uncle Sam and two others tied up in web in background. • The Entente Cordiale was a diplomatic agreement signed in 1904 by France and Great Britain which adjusted the colonial disputes between the two countries, and paved the way for Anglo-French co-operation against German expansion in Europe and in the colonial world.

13. War Outside Europe • World Map with the participants in World War I.The Entente depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey.

14. Fighting in Colonies • War quickly spreads to colonial possessions as a way to break the stalemate • Britain’s involvement makes it a global war for a variety of reasons • Germany loses most of its colonial possessions • US entry creates huge profits—seals US status as a global power

15. Gallipoli • White Dominions become important supporters of the war effort (supplies, manpower, raw materials) • Fight mostly on the Western front, supporting British lines • Battle of Gallipoli (south of Istanbul) pitted Turks against mostly Australian forces (left)—Turks won decisively.

16. Armenian Genocide • The first genocide of the 20th century • Rise of the Young Turks brings new policies • Anti-Christian backlash as a new wave of Muslim fundamentalism appears • Blame on Armenians for losses on Russian front; efforts to tie them to supporting Russians, though most were loyal to the Ottomans • Effort to turn Turkish peasants against Armenian minority, who tended to be better educated/middle class status

17. Armenian Genocide (con’t) • 2 million Armenians living in Ottoman territory; estimated 1.5 million dies/displaced between 1915 and 1923. • Most murdered, or dies of starvation, exhaustion on forced death marches to the Syrian desert or in concentration camps (as pictured at left)

18. The First Genocide is Quickly Forgotten…

19. Endgame: Offensive Warfare • Bolshevik Revolution pulls Russia out, leaving a one front war in the West • Central powers quickly break down, and Germany agrees to an armistice (on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month) • Losses are in the millions, economies are in the tank, and the initial war fervor/nationalistic spirit has been replaced by the stark realities of war • Creates a situation that will result in the Great depression and the rise of authoritarian governments in the 1930s

20. Failed Peace • Paris Peace Conference dominated by the “Big Three” • Georges Clemenceau (France) • Woodrow Wilson (USA) • Lloyd George (Britain) • Decisions dominated by the following factors: • Punishing Germany • Dealing with new states that had been created by the collapse of A-H Empire and Germany • Rise of communist Russia • Post-war bitterness • Fatal Flaws • Went too far in insulting/punishing Germany • Left out new Russian leaders, leading to bad feelings • Wartime promises to Arabs were forgotten; pleas from China went ignored • Outcome • Viewed largely as a failure • League of Nations to created to keep peace, but given no authority or means by which to do so

21. Nationalist Assault • War effort creates industrialization in colonies like India • Barbarism of war reveals that the west may not be as “civilized” as they claimed • War reveals a vulnerability and division within Europe that colonies could potentially exploit • Promises made to colonies for their support were broken, leaving bad feelings and growing hostility toward colonial rule

22. India—What You Need to Know • Role of Western-educated elites (national Congress Party) • Social conditions that created drive for independence • The lesser known militant nationalist movement (B.G. Tilak) and the outcomes (Morley-Minto reforms) • The role of Gandhi and the satyagraha movement

23. Egypt—What You Need to Know • The role of Lord Cromer and the impact of his policies • The policies of the khedives and how this would contribute to violence • The policies of the British and how it compares to the khedives • The major causes, events and impacts of the 1919 revolt

24. Middle East—What You Need to Know • Impact of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire • The role of mandates and the negative impact they have on the region • The Zionist movement and the major figures associated with it (Pinkser, Herzl, Dreyfus, the WZO) • The long-term results of European promises like the Balfour Declaration

25. Africa—What You Need to Know • The long and short term causes of resistance • Role of pan-Africanism and its connections to the US (Garvey and Du Bois) • The negritude movement and its connection to traditional African culture • The role of Western-educated Africans

26. Compare and Contrast • Compare and contrast nationalist movements in TWO of the following areas. What role did WWI play in these movements? • Africa • Egypt • India • Arab Heartlands (Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine)