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Knowledge Transfer: Methods, Challenges, and Practices

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  1. Knowledge Acquisition and Transfer

  2. Methods of Obtaining Knowledge • Reason or Logic • Modeling • Observation/Experimentation • Testimony • Authority • Revelation

  3. Types of Knowledge • Embrained knowledge • dependent on conceptual skills and cognitive abilities. • practical, high-level knowledge, where objectives are met through perpetual recognition and revamping. • Tacit knowledge may also be embrained, even though it is mainly subconscious. • Embodied knowledge • action oriented and consists of contextual practices. • social acquisition, as how • individuals interact in and interpret their environment creates this non-explicit type of knowledge. • Encultured knowledge • process of achieving shared understandings through socialization and acculturation. • Language and negotiation. • Embedded knowledge • explicit and resides within systematic routines. • relationships between roles, technologies, formal procedures and emergent routines within a complex system. • Encoded knowledge • information that is conveyed in signs and symbols (books, manuals, data bases) • decontextualized into codes of practice. • deals more with the transmission, storage and interrogation of knowledge.

  4. Challenges in Knowledge Transfer • Inability to recognize & articulate tacit knowledge idea (Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995) • Geography or distance (Gailbraith 1990) • Limitations of ICTs (Roberts 2000) • Lack of a shared/superordinate social identity (Kane, Argote, & Levine 2005) • Language • Areas of expertise • Internal conflicts (eg. professional territoriality, Union-management relations ) • Generational differences • Incentives • The use of visual representations to transfer knowledge (knowledge visualization) • Problems with sharing beliefs, assumptions, heuristics and cultural norms. • Previous exposure or experience with something. • Faulty information and Misconceptions • Organizational culture non-conducive to knowledge sharing (the "Knowledge is power" culture) • Motivational issues • Lack of trust

  5. Knowledge Transfer Process • Identifying the knowledge holders within the organization • Motivating them to share • Designing a sharing mechanism to facilitate the transfer • Executing the transfer plan • Measuring to ensure the transfer • Applying the knowledge transferred

  6. Knowledge Transfer Practices • Mentoring • Guided experience • Simulation • Guided experimentation • Work shadowing • Paired work • Communities of practice • Narrative transfer

  7. Modes of Knowledge Creation Tacit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge To Tacit Knowledge From Explicit Knowledge

  8. Work-based learning Theory Practice Reflection

  9. Spiral of Organizational Knowledge Creation Externalization Combination Explicit Knowledge Tacit Knowledge Socialization Internalization Individual Group Organization Inter-organization Knowledge Level

  10. Individual Level Work-Based Learning KNOWLEDGE LExplicit Tacit E ATheory R N IPractice N G

  11. Collective Level Work-Based Learning KNOWLEDGE LExplicit Tacit E ATheory R N I NPractice G

  12. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE (Schein, 1985) • Artifacts • Espoused Values • Underlying Assumptions

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