Lección 8: Gramática

1. Lección 8: Gramática Pretérito de verbosirregulares Los pronombres de complementodirecto e indirectousadosjuntos Los verbos con cambio radical en el pretérito El imperfecto de indicativo La formación de los adverbios

2. Pretérito de verbosirregulares (1) • The following Spanish verbs are irregular in the preterit.

3. Pretérito de verbosirregulares (2) • The third-person singular of the verb hacer changes the c to z in order to maintain the original soft sound of the c in the infinitive. • The i is omitted in the third-person plural ending of the verbs decirtraerconducirtraducir

4. Pretérito de verbosirregulares (3) Ejemplos: - ¿QuétrajeronUds. ayer? “What did you bring yesterday?” -Trajimoslascestas. “We brought the baskets.”

5. Pretérito de verbosirregulares (4) Ejemplos: - Ayer no viniste a clase. ¿Quéhiciste? “You did not come to class yesterday. What did you do?” - Tuvequetrabajar. ¿Hubo un examen? “I had to work. Was there an exam?” - No. • The preterit of hay (impersonal form of haber) is hubo.

6. Pretérito de verbosirregulares (5)

7. Los pronombres de complementodirecto e indirectousadosjuntos (1) • When an indirect object pronoun and a direct object pronoun are used together, the indirect object pronoun always comes first.

8. Los pronombres de complementodirecto e indirectousadosjuntos (2) • With an infinitive, the pronouns can be placed either before the conjugated verb or after the infinitive. Ana is going to give it to me.

9. Los pronombres de complementodirecto e indirectousadosjuntos (3) • With a present participle, the pronouns can be placed either before the conjugated verb or after the present participle. She is saying it to you.

10. Los pronombres de complementodirecto e indirectousadosjuntos (4) • If both pronouns begin with l, the indirect object pronoun (le or les) is changed to se.

11. Los pronombres de complementodirecto e indirectousadosjuntos (5) • For clarification, it is sometimes necessary to add a él, a ella, a Ud., a Uds., a ellos, or a ellas. —¿A quién le dio la comida Ana? “To whom did Ana give the meal?” —Se ladio a él. “She gave it to him.”

12. Los pronombres de complementodirecto e indirectousadosjuntos (6) • A proper name may also be given for clarification. Se ladio a Luis.        She gave it to Luis.

13. Los verbos con cambio radical en el pretérito (1) • As you will recall, -ar and -er verbs with stem changes in the present tense have no stem changes in the preterit. • However, -ir verbs with stem changes in the present tense have stem changes in the third-person singular and plural forms of the preterit (e > i and o > u), as shown below.

14. Los verbos con cambio radical en el pretérito (2)

15. Los verbos con cambio radical en el pretérito (3) • Other -ir verbs that follow the same pattern are pedir(to order, to request) seguir(to continue, to follow) sentir(se) (to feel ) conseguir divertirse(to have fun) morir(to die)

16. Los verbos con cambio radical en el pretérito (4) Ejemplos: - ¿Quétesirvieron en la cafetería? “What did they serve you at the cafeteria?” - Me sirvieron café y sándwiches. “They served me coffee and sandwiches.”

17. Los verbos con cambio radical en el pretérito (5) Ejemplos: - ¿CómodurmióUd. anoche? “How did yousleep last night?” -Dormímuybien. “I slept very well.”

18. Los verbos con cambio radical en el pretérito (6)

19. El imperfecto de indicativo (1) • There are two simple past tenses in the Spanish indicative: the preterit, which you have been studying, and the imperfect. • To form the imperfect, add the following endings to the verb stem: -AR: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban -ER/-IR: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían

20. El imperfecto de indicativo (2) • Note that the endings of the -er and -ir verbs are the same. • Observe the accent on the first-person plural form of -arverbs: hablábamos. • Note also that there is a written accent on the first í of the endings of the -er and -ir verbs.

21. El imperfecto de indicativo (3) Ejemplos: - Túsiempretelevantabas a lasseis, ¿no? “You always used to get up at six, didn’t you?” - Sí, porquemisclasesempezaban a lassiete y media y yovivíalejos de allí. “Yes, because my classes started at seven-thirty and I lived far from there.”

22. El imperfecto de indicativo (4) • Stem-changing verbs are regular in the imperfect. • Only three Spanish verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense: ser: era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran ir: iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban ver: veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veías, veían

23. El imperfecto de indicativo (5) Ejemplos: - Cuandoyoerachica, siempreiba a acampar en el verano. “When I was little, I always went camping in the summer.” - Nosotrosíbamostambién. “We used to go too.”

24. El imperfecto de indicativo (6) Ejemplos: - ¿Cuándoveías a tus amigos? “When did you see your friends?” - Los veíasólo los sábados y los domingos. “I used to see them only on Saturdays and Sundays.”

25. El imperfecto de indicativo (7) Uses of the imperfect • The Spanish imperfect tense is equivalent to three English forms. 1. I used to live in Caracas 2. I was living in Caracas Yovivía en Caracas 3. I lived in Caracas

26. El imperfecto de indicativo (8) • The imperfect is used to describe actions or events that the speaker views as in the process of happening in the past, with no reference to when they began or ended. Empezábamosa estudiarcuandoélvino. We were beginning to study when he came.

27. El imperfecto de indicativo (9) • It is also used to refer to habitual or repeated actions in the past, again with no reference to when they began or ended. —¿Uds. hablabaningléscuandovivían en Bogotá? “Did you speak English when you lived in Bogotá?” —No, cuandovivíamosallísiemprehablábamosespañol. “No, when we lived there we always spoke Spanish.”

28. El imperfecto de indicativo (10)

29. El imperfecto de indicativo (11) • It describes physical, mental, or emotional conditions in the past. Mi casa eramuygrande. My house was very big. No me gustabaestudiar.I didn’t like to study. Yono me sentíabien. I wasn’t feeling well.

30. El imperfecto de indicativo (12) • It expresses time and age in the past. - ¿Quéhoraera? “What time was it?” -Eranlasseis. “It was six o’clock.” Julia teníaveinteaños. Julia was twenty years old.

31. El imperfecto de indicativo (13) • The imperfect is used to describe or set the stage in the past. Mi noviaerabonita. My girlfriend was pretty. Eramuytarde. It was very late.

32. La formación de los adverbios (1) • Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente (the equivalent of the English -ly) to the adjective. General general Generalmentegenerally Recienterecent Recientementerecently

33. La formación de los adverbios (2) Ejemplos: - ¿La fiesta de bienvenidaespara Olga y susamigas? “The welcome party is for Olga and her friends?” - No, esespecialmentepara Olga. “No, it’s especially for Olga.”

34. La formación de los adverbios (3) • Adjectives ending in -o change the -o to -a before adding -mente. Lento slow Lentamenteslowly Rápidorapid Rápidamenterapidly

35. La formación de los adverbios (4)

36. La formación de los adverbios (5) • If two or more adverbs are used together, both change the –o to –a,but only the last one in the sentence ends in -mente. Ella hablaclara y lentamente. She speaks clearly and slowly. • If the adjective has an accent mark, the adverb retains it. Fácileasy Fácilmenteeasily