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The Emergence of Homo Sapiens

Explore the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens, areas of agreement and disagreement, fossils with mixed traits, and the Neanderthal lineage. Learn about Neanderthal physical characteristics, tool assemblages, homesites, funeral rituals, and the emergence of modern humans. Delve into Cro-Magnon humans, Upper Paleolithic cultures, art, and the migration of Homo sapiens sapiens to the New World. Discover tool technologies, artistic expressions, and early human civilizations across different continents.

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The Emergence of Homo Sapiens

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  1. The Emergence of Homo Sapiens

  2. Introduction • Transition from Homo erectus • areas of agreement • areas of disagreement • fossils with mixed traits • Africa / Europe / Asia

  3. Introduction (cont.) • Transition (cont.) • fossils < 200,000 years old • definitely Homo sapiens

  4. Neanderthals • Early Discoveries • 1856 - Neander Valley, Germany • other fossil finds • later fossils concentrated in Europe • did not evolve • glaciation

  5. Neanderthals (cont.) • Early Discoveries (cont.) • disappeared 30,000 ya • closely related to H. sapiens

  6. Neanderthals (cont.) • Physical Characteristics • “brutish” appearance • larger braincase than modern humans • large hands / fingers

  7. Neanderthals (cont.) • Tool Assemblages • Middle Paleolithic cultural period • Africa - Middle Stone Age • Mousterian tool assemblage • Africa - post Acheulian

  8. Neanderthals (cont.) • Tool Assemblages (cont.) • small flake tools • Levalloisian Method • Flake-tool manufacture • Chipped of a specially prepared core of rock • Resulted in uniform and specialized small blades for sawing, gouging, piercing, and preparing animal hides for clothing

  9. Neanderthals (cont.) • Homesites • caves & rock shelters • most common excavations • open sites

  10. Neanderthals (cont.) • Funeral Rituals? • deliberate burials • examples of possible rituals • Le Moustier • Shanidar Cave, Iraq

  11. Emergence of Modern Humans (H. sapiens sapiens) • Cro-Magnon humans • named after rock shelter - France • oldest fossils - Africa • 100,000 ya?

  12. H. sapiens sapiens (cont.) • Cro-Magnon humans (cont.) • many other finds • physical characteristics • modern looking

  13. Upper Paleolithic Cultures • Introduction • Upper Paleolithic • 40,000 - 10,000 ya • Lifestyles

  14. Upper Paleolithic (cont.) • Tool technology • indirect percussion • hammer-struck punch • bone & antler tools • burins • pressure flaking • microliths

  15. Upper Paleolithic (cont.) • Art • early • beads / carvings / paintings • Venus figures • cave paintings

  16. Humans in the New World • Introduction • H. sapiens sapiens migrated to new world • no earlier species found • disagreement over earliest appearance

  17. New World (cont.) • Migrations • Linguistic research • three waves of migration • Dental research • confirms theory of three waves

  18. New World (cont.) • Tool Assemblages • Clovis Complex • Clovis, New Mexico • large projectile point • hunted large game • dated 11,200-10,900 ya

  19. New World (cont.) • Tool Assemblages (cont.) • Folsom Point • smaller point • indicated smaller game

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