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Growth & Development

This detailed overview outlines the critical stages in the transition from a single cell to a multicellular organism. The process begins with fertilization, where a sperm and egg unite to form a zygote. Rapid cell division (cleavage) follows, leading to the formation of the morula and blastula stages. As differentiation occurs, cells transition from totipotent to pluripotent states, forming the three embryonic layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Each layer develops into various specialized tissues, including epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues, which collectively form functional organs.

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Growth & Development

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  1. Transition from 1 cell to multi-cellular organism Growth & Development

  2. Timeline • Fertilization  Sperm & egg join to form zygote • Cleavage  rapid cell division • Morula: • 16 cells • Blastula: • 128 cells • Fertilization  Sperm & egg join to form zygote • Cleavage  rapid cell division • :

  3. Timeline (cont) • Differentiation  transition from general to specialized • Totipotent • Ability to form all cell/tissue types • Ex: zygote • Pluripotent • Ability to form many cell types • Stem cells • blastula

  4. Timeline (cont) • Gastrula • 3 layered embryo • Ectoderm: • Outer layer • Skin, nervous system, outer openings • Endoderm: • Inner layer • Organs (lungs, digestive tract, etc.) • Mesoderm • Middle layer • Muscles, bone, blood, fat

  5. Tissues • Epithelial • Inner/outer lining • Regulation • Connective • Between other tissues • Support & structure • Muscle • On bones & w/in organs • Movement • Nervous • Thru-out body • Respond to stimuli

  6. Epithelial Tissue • Classification • # of cells • Simple (1 layer) • Stratified (>1 layer) • Psuedostratified • Shape • Cuboidal (square) • Columnar (rectangular) • Squamous (flat tiles)

  7. Connective Tissue • Classification  types of fibers • Dense (collagenous) • Strong durable • Elastic • Flexible, stretch • Loose (reticular) • Thin, branched

  8. Connective Tissue (cont) • Types • Areolar (surround organs) • Adipose (protect) • Fibrous • Tendons (MB) • Ligaments (BB) • Cartilage • Bone • Blood

  9. Muscle Tissue • Classification • Striations (stripes) • Voluntary/Involuntary • Types • Skeletal • Striated • Voluntary • Found on bones

  10. Muscle Tissue (cont) • Cardiac • Striated • Involuntary • Heart • Smooth • No striations • Involuntary • Lines organs

  11. Nervous Tissue • Transmit electrical impulses • Dendrite • Conduct electrochemical signals w/in nervous system • Axon • Transmission of signals from nervous to other tissues

  12. Organs • Built from 2/more types of tissues

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