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What is culture?

What is culture?. The Fish in the Fishbowl Can’t see the Water. Culture is made up of the group’s ideas and material objects that are passed from one generation to the next. Material culture consists of the material objects that distinguish a group of people

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What is culture?

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  1. What is culture? The Fish in the Fishbowl Can’t see the Water

  2. Culture is made up of the group’s ideas and material objects that are passed from one generation to the next • Material culture consists of the material objects that distinguish a group of people • Nonmaterial culture consists of language, beliefs, values, norms, and common patterns of behaviors

  3. Material Culture Peru: Machu Picchu Kathmandu Valley Temples What does your place of worship look like?

  4. Dance rituals include high leaps Cultural pressures and the threat of the loss of farmland threaten traditions Fight to maintain their culture Female circumcisions Non-Material Culture

  5. Pastoral Maasai • Found in Kenya and Tanzania • Live in harmony with wildlife • Warrior, tradition and reputation • Life revolves around cattle

  6. Culture provides a taken-for-granted orientation to life • People assume that their own culture is normal or natural, when in fact it is arbitrary. • Culture provides the lens through which reality is evaluated. • Culture provides a behavioral imperative of what we should do, and a moral imperative that defines right and wrong.

  7. What is Normal? Do all of these situations degrade women?

  8. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/personal/06/09/o.daughter.muslim.scarf/?iref=obinsitehttp://edition.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/personal/06/09/o.daughter.muslim.scarf/?iref=obinsite

  9. Who do you think is beautiful?

  10. Who do you think is beautiful?

  11. How do we define beauty? • How have standards of beauty changed over time? • How do we learn what is beautiful? • How is beauty reinforced? • Why do standards of beauty change?

  12. How do others define beauty?

  13. Makeup is makeup, isn’t it? • Dove Beauty Commercial • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iswiKQbtwXQ&safe=active • Photo shop • Levi’s Ad • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVM_w5ITLpU&list=PLnRkm40U8EBRCMK18_2xKAxhEYq83intp&index=1&safe=active What do we do to ourselves in the name of beauty?

  14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xrp0zJZu0a4Women's Ideal Body Types Throughout Historyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wb6JPZ-wFmwWhat boys look for in womenhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_N7MAr98CIIs College worth it?

  15. Cosmetic Surgery in the US • Cosmetic surgical procedures increased almost 9 percent, with over 1.6 million procedures in 2010. Surgical procedures accounted for 17% of the total numbers of procedure performed representing 61% of total expenditures. The top five surgical procedures were: • Breast Augmentation (318,123) • Liposuction (289,016) • Eyelid surgery (152,123) • Abdominoplasty (144,929) • Breast Reduction (138,152)

  16. Cosmetic Surgery in the US in 2010 • Cosmetic minimally-invasive procedures decreased almost 9% • 8 million procedures in 2010 • Nonsurgical procedures accounted for 83% of the total number of procedures performed representing 39% of total expenditures. The top five minimally-invasive procedures were: • Botulinum Toxin Type A (2,437,165 procedures) • Hyaluronic acid (1,315,121 procedures) • Laser hair removal (936,270 procedures) • Laser skin resurfacing (562,706 procedures) • Chemical peel (493,896 procedures)

  17. Survey Shows That More Than Half of Americans Approve of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery • Women had almost 8.6 million cosmetic procedures, 92 % of the total. • increased over 164% from 1997 • The top five surgical procedures for women were: breast augmentation, liposuction, breast reduction, abdominoplasty, and eyelid surgery. • Men had over 750,000 cosmetic procedures, 8% of the total. • increased over 88% from 1997 • The top five surgical procedures for men were: liposuction, rhinoplasty, eyelid surgery, breast reduction to treat enlarged male breast, and cosmetic ear surgery.

  18. Americans spent nearly $10.7 billion on cosmetic procedures in 2010. • almost $6.6 billion on surgical procedures; • $1.9 billion was spent on injectable procedures; • $1.8 billion on skin rejuvenation procedures; • almost $500 million on other nonsurgical procedures including laser hair removal and laser treatment of leg veins.

  19. http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/trending-now/am-ugly-videos-spark-disturbing-youtube-trend-171407972.htmlhttp://news.yahoo.com/blogs/trending-now/am-ugly-videos-spark-disturbing-youtube-trend-171407972.html

  20. How do standards change over time?Why are some forms of body modification more acceptable than others? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OdlVHYkArw&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active • Peck implants • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgi2CRQPgrA&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active • Flesh branding • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyScvlz5gsw&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active • Full body tatoos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMH0bHeiRNg&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active • Evolution of Dance • http://www.upworthy.com/how-to-change-what-you-find-attractive-in-60-seconds?c=ufb1 • How to change what we think is beautiful SHOW!!!

  21. Culture shock results from contact with a radically different culture that challenges basic assumptions • Disorientation or anxiety upon induction into a new culture • Sleeping in hammocks • Dogs in the streets • What experiences with shock have you had?

  22. Cultural Relativism • Is it easy to just accept other ways of life? • Should we should develop a scale to evaluate cultures on their “qualities of life?” • Should practices that exploit individuals not be seen as morally equivalent to those that do not? • Are some ways of life inherently better than others? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJKFNpAe6hw&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active • Measuring happiness • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXFydMKIZRA&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active • Money vs happiness • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtJ225BayfA&NR=1&feature=fvwp&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active • The link between money and happiness • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgoRWjjs1bE&NR=1&feature=fvwp&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active • Does Happiness have a price tag? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pwsyq4idyuQ&NR=1&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active • The happiness paradox

  23. Symbols • A symbol is something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate. • Symbolic culture includes gestures, language, norms, sanctions, folkways, and mores. • Gestures are a form of symbols that may mean one thing in one society and something else in another. • http://www3.forbes.com/leadership/10-worst-body-language-mistakes/

  24. Without Language, Culture is not Possible • Language is a system of symbols(words) that can be put together in an infinite number ways to communicate abstract thought • With language, we can construct meanings • Our meanings create understandings that influence how we see the world • http://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/05/12/404660475/51-words-the-united-states-of-colloquialisms?utm_source=facebook.com&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=npr&utm_term=nprnews&utm_content=20150512

  25. Language is Important Because… • It is the primary means of communication between people • It allows human experience to be cumulative by being passed on to the next generation • It provides a social or shared past • It provides a social or shared future • It allows perspectives or understandings • It allows complex, shared ,goal-directed behavior

  26. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis • States that language shapes reality. • Eskimos have many words for snow, thus making various types of snow separate and real. • One person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter. • http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/103268/september-25-2007/k--david-harrison

  27. http://seattleglobalist.com/2015/04/22/5-arabic-words-i-wish-they-had-in-english/35883 • Arabic words I wish we had in English • http://www.slate.com/id/2290536/?from=rss • Article on how word’s meanings change

  28. Values, Norms, and sanctions • Values are standards that define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly. • Norms are expected ways of behavior that develop out of values. • Sanctions are positive (for example, a fine, or even a smile) or negative (for example, a fine, or a frown) reactions to how people follow norms.

  29. Sanctions • Degradation ceremonies • Report cards • Money • Smiles • Laughter • Exclusion • Approval/mimicing

  30. Folkways and mores • Folkways are norms that are not strictly enforced • Mores are norms that are believed essential to core values, and are strongly enforced • Whether an act is a folkway or a more may vary by who is engaging in the behavior and where it is occurs • Taboos are norms so strongly ingrained that even the thought of breaking them is greeting with revulsion

  31. Subcultures are groups whose values and behaviors are so distinct that they distinguish their members from the general culture • Thousands of subcultures • From teenagers to body building • Some ethnic groups form subcultures • placing special value on their language, distinctive, foods, religious practices, and patterns of behavior • Occupations often constitute subcultures • having unique language and patterns of behavior

  32. American subcultures • Teens • Amish • Hell’s Angels • Breast cancer walkers • Rave's

  33. Countercultures are groups whose values set their members in opposition to the dominant culture • Countercultures can be either positive or negative • Members of the broader culture often feel threaten by a counterculture • Sometimes resist counterculture in an attempt to affirm the values of the dominant culture

  34. Achievement Success Individualism Activity and work Efficiency and practically Science and Technology Progress Material comfort Humanitarianism Freedom Democracy Equality Racism Group superiority Core Values

  35. Values are not independent, but come together to form value clusters/value contradictions • Exist where values conflict with each other • Often highlight a major force for social change

  36. Values Contradictions • Equality vs racial superiority • Leisure vs Activity and work • Freedom vs religiosity

  37. Cultural Change • Values are dynamic, with new values emerging over time • Henslin identifies four emerging values in the United States: • Leisure • Self-fulfillment • Physical Fitness • Youngness Show video

  38. What causes Cultural Change? • Traditions are outdated • New information emerges • Cultural diffusion • Technology • http://ffh.films.com/id/19411/Dangers_of_Social_Networking_Video_Clip_Collection.htm

  39. Most animal behavior is controlled by instincts. There is evidence that animal culture does exist. Japanese anthropologists have observed monkeys learning food-washing norms from each other. Jane Goodall learned to communicate with chimpanzees and discovered that they make and use a form of simple tool, indicating an animal culture.

  40. Even mating behavior of some animals is learned, rather than pure instinct. The research on whether or not animals have the capacity for language has been inconclusive

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